Lecture Exam One Review
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Created by:
anjbrantley on September 21, 2011
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Description:
Fall 2011 Goudeau
Classes:
ANP 2401-42063 Carmen G. Fall 2011
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Necessary Life Functions | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| Metablolism | all reactions under way in the cells and tissues of the body at any given moment. Regulated by endocrine system. |
| Catabolism | Type of metabolism - a process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue) Regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands. |
| Anabolism | Type of metabolism - synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones |
| Homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| Receptor | First component in maintaining homeostasis. Responds to stimuli by sending input to the Control Center |
| Control Center | Determines the set point - the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. |
| Effector | Provides the means for the Control Center's response. |
| Afferent Pathway | information flows from the receptor along this pathway |
| Efferent Pathway | Pathway leaving the control center and going to the effector |
| Negative Feedback Mechanism | the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
| Positive Feedback Mechanism | FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM THAT IS STIMULATORY; AMPLIFIES OR REINFORCES A CHANGE IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT |
| Four Tissue Types | Eipthelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue |
| Organ Defined | Structure composed of at least two tissue types with a specific function. |
| Cells | Smallest units of living things |
| Which two systems regulate Homeostasis? | Nervous through neural impulses and endocrine through hormones. |
| Anatomy | study of body structure |
| Physiology | the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms |
| What are the six levels of organization? | chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ systems-organism |
| What are the four major elements | CHON. "Chawn" Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. 96% |
| Isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Mass | total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units |
| Atomic Weight | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
| electron shells | an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. |
| valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. |
| electron orbitals | volumes of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found. |
| valence electrons | The electrons in the outermost shell (main energy level) of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds. |
| Ion | an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
| Anion | A negatively charged atom due to the gain of one or more electrons. |
| Cation | an ion with a positive charge produced by the loss of one or more electrons |
| exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. |
| endergonic reaction | A reaction where the product has more potential energy than the reactants. Anabolic reactions are endergonic. |
| enzymes | Proteins that allow certain chemical reactions to occur much faster than they would on their own. |
| phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
| phospholipids | Modified triglycerides with a phosphorous containing group. Water loving head, water fearing tail. |
| Protein composition | made from amino acids (20 common types of amino acids) Long chain of amino acids joined by a peptide bond |
| Peptide bond | A bond that links amino acids together in a protein |
| Fibrous Protein | Protein that is extended and strandlike in shape. Help with structural framework (keratin, collagen.) Also help with movement by causing muscle cells to contract. |
| Globular Protein | spherical protein. plays crucial roles in virtually all biological processes " functional protiens" Proteins for enzymes, transport, body defense, regulation of pH, and metabolism. |
| Hydrolases | add water during hydrolysis reactions |
| Oxidases | enzymes that catalyze the transfer of oxygen |
| How does an enzyme speed up reactions? | Lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| intracellular fluid | the cytoplasm found inside cells |
| extracellular fluid | fluid outside the cells |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | no ribosomes are found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform special tasks that include the synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification; the liver contains a lot of smooth er |
| Rough endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled. |
| cytosol | the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended |
| Mitochondrion | cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| Lysosome | filled with enzymes to breakdown dead cell parts and foreign objects; only found in animal cells |
| Centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. |
| Peroxisome | organelle responsible for breaking down free radicals. |
| Golgi Apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. The UPS of the cell |
| Ribosomes | small round structures that make proteins |
| Nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| Chromatin | the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins |
| Components of the Lipid Bilayer | Phosphate water-loving heads and fatty acid, water-fearing tales, cholesterol for structure, and glycolipids. Protein molecules are plugged into the outside or inside layers, or float around within. |
| Integral Proteins | Are firmly inserted into the bilayer. Some protrude from one side of the bilayer only, and others are transmembrane. |
| Function of Integral Proteins | Can act as channels through the membrane, or may act as carriers. |
| Peripheral Proteins | Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. |
| Functions of Membrane Proteins | 1. cell to cell communication 2. transport 3. intercellular joining |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis occurs until the Osmotic Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure equal out. |
| Active Transport | Transfers taking place agains the concentration gradient and requiring energy. |
| Passive Transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy. Transfers with the flow of the concentration gradient |
| Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Simple diffusion | Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive transport of molecules through the membrane employing a protein channel or a carrier. |
| Aquaporins | Water channel proteins that allow water to pass right through them. They keep water away from the hydrophobic tails during transport |
| Leakage Channels | channels that are always open |
| Gated Channels | A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. |
| Osmolarity | The measure of total concentration of solute particles. When solutions of different osmolarity are separated by a membrane, osmosis occurs until equilibrium is reached |
| Isotonic Solutions | Same solute/water concentration on inside and outside of cell. Water moves in and out. Cell is normal size. |
| Hypertonic Solutions | Higher concentration of solutes in the interstitial fluid. Pulls water from cells, causing them to shrink (crenation) |
| Hypotonic Solutions | Lower concentration of solutes in the interstitial fluid. Water flows into the cell causing it to swell (possibly burst.) |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water. Tonicity is telling us about the solute concentration of a fluid. |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | The force exerted on a membrane by water. |
| Osmotic Pressure | The tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis |
| Exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| Vesicular Transport | Fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside membranous sacs called vesicles. (ex: exocytosis and endocytosis.) |
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