Biology: Chapter 2 (Krista Faber)
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Atom | basic unit of matter |
| Nucleus | in physical science, an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons |
| Electron | negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus |
| Isotope | atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element |
| Compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| Ionic Bond | formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Ion | atom that has a positive or negative charge |
| Covalent Bond | bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| Van der Waals forces | a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
| Element | substance consisting entirely of one type of atom |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules |
| Mixture | material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| Solution | mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution |
| Solvent | substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| Suspension | mixture of water and nondissolved materials |
| pH Scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
| Acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| Base | compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution |
| Buffer | weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
| Monomer | small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers |
| Polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| Carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule |
| Polysaccharide | large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides |
| Lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| Nucleic Acid | macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Ribonucliec Acid (RNA) | single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| Protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
| Amino Acid | compound with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end |
| Chemical Reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| Reactant | element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction |
| Product | element or compound produced by a chemical reaction |
| Activation Energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Enzyme | protein that acts as a biological catalyst |
| Substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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