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Empiricism View that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation Structuralism Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of human mind Functionalism School of psychology that focused on how our mental & behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, & flourish Experimental Psychology Study of behavior & thinking using experimental method Behaviorism View that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) Humanistic Psychology Historically significant perspective that emphasized growth potential of healthy people & individual's potential for personal growth Cognitive Neuroscience Interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, & language) Psychology Science of behavior & mental processes Nature-nurture Issue Longstanding controversy over relative contributions that genes & experience make to the development of psychological traits & behaviors. Today's science sees traits & behaviors arising from the interaction of nature & nurture. Natural Selection Principles that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction & survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Level of Analysis Differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon Biopsychosocial Approach Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis Biological Psychology Branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience & behavior genetics) & psychology processes Evolutionary Psychology Study of roots of behavior & mental processes using principles of natural selection Psychodynamic Psychology Branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives & conflicts influence behavior, & uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders Behavioral Psychology Scientific study of observable behavior, & its explanation by principles of learning Cognitive Psychology Scientific study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating Social-Cultural Psychology Study of how situations & cultures affect our behavior & thinking Psychometrics Scientific study of measurements of human abilities, attitudes, & traits Basic Research Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Developmental Psychology Scientific study of physical, cognitive, & social change throughout the life span Educational Psychology Study of how psychological processes affect & can enhance teaching & learning Personality Psychology Study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, & acting Social Psychology Scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another Applied Research Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Industrial-Organizational Psychology Application of psychological concepts & methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces Human Factors Psychology Study of how people & machines interact & the design of safe & easily used machines & environments Counseling Psychology Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) & in achieving greater well-being Clinical Psychology Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, & treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medial (for example, drug) treatments, as well as psychological therapy SQ3R Study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review