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Delta a triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers Nile River longest river in the world; seasonal flooding that could be be easily predicted; provided easy travel and communication between provinces Herodutus Greek historian who called Egypt "the gift of the Nile" Hieroglyphics form of picture writing Cartouche an oval shape inside which a pharaoh's name was inscribed in hieroglyphics Papyrus a plant that grows along the banks of the Nile; used for a paperlike writing material Pyramid Texts the earliest Egyptian writing; carved into walls of tombs as instructions on how to access the afterlife Rosetta Stone flat, black stone withe the same message carved in hieroglyphics, demotic, and greek Menes/Narmer the first pharaoh; able to take control due to his engineering talents in controlling Nile; established absolute control and divine rule over this subjects *construction and conquest Double Crown symbol of ruling both upper and lower Egypt worn by pharaoh Crook and Flail symbolizes the power of the pharaoh: guide and punish Old Kingdom (3100-2200) glory was in monuments; conquest and construction; excessive spending White Walls/ Memphis first capitol of egypt; Menes built dams/walls around it Mastabas earliest egyptian tomb Djoser first pyramid builder (stacked mastabas on top of each other); architect Imhotep created Step Pyramid at Saqarra Imhotep Djoser's architect and vizier, designed step pyramid, later worshipped as a god Pyramids old kingdom pharaoh's tombs Snefru first pharaoh to utilize cartouche; Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid Khufu/Khafre built Great pyramid; build Pyramid at Giza and carved Sphinx Nomes/Nomarch agricultural districts; rose as regional governors and representatives of the king across the land Vizier "stewards of the land" who began emerging as chief political powerhouses; oversaw business of the pharaoh Middle Kingdom (2050-1800) *conquest; capital moved to Thebes; pharaohs gave more things to the people to ensure support; ended with Hyksos and Nubians Thebes capital of egypt during the middle and new kingdoms Hyksos invaders who ended the middle kingdom; had chariots and composite bows Democratization of Religion middle/lower classes could be mummified New Kingdom (1570-1100) golden age of egyptian history; pharaohs began building again (wealth); began when leaders in Thebes expelled Nubian forces in the south and destroyed by Hyksos Pharaoh god-kings of egypt; "great house" Thutmose I constructed first tomb in Valley of Kings; growing significance of Thebes as religious capital; only surviving child was daughter Hatshepsut Hatshepsut first woman; regent to throne for stepson Thutmose III; attempted to maintain power by becoming pharaoh in own right; armies participated in campaigns south into Nubia; famous for extensive building projects and propaganda (obelisks, temple); later erased out of history by son Thutmose III "napoleon of egypt"; spent first 10 years of reign erasing all memory of Hatshepsut; spent rest of reign expanding egypt into a true empire-egypt's influence spanned north africa all the way to turkey *bronze weaponry Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton tried to wipe out all other gods but Aton; people overwhelmingly rejected his changes and brought things back to normal after his death Armarna Period art transformed to be more realistic and dark Ramses II most powerful pharaoh; fathered approximately 200 children; amazing building projects (temple at abu simbel); supposedly fought Hittites to a stalemate and signed first peace treaty in history (battle of kadesh); most likely pharaoh during exodus Hittites warring people from turkey, fought Egyptians at battle of Kadesh Battle of Kadesh battle supposedly fought between Egyptians and Hittites; ended in a stalemate Sea Peoples unknown invaders who ended the New Kingdom Kush egyptian name for nubia Osiris god; son of Ra; killed by Seth and reassembled by Isis and became god of underworld Horus hawk-headed god; son of osiris and isis; pharaohs symbolized him Seth son of ra; killed brother Osiris; represents chaos Isis daughter of ra and wife of osiris; put osiris back together Amun-Ra chief god of egypt Abydos "city of the dead"; city where Osiris was resurrected Ma'at pharaohs were supposed to guide and the people were supposed to do the duties set by the gods; failure to due so would cause destruction of one's immortal soul Coffin Texts middle kingdom guide to afterlife; carved in sarcophagus Book of the Dead new kingdom guide to afterlife Ka the eternal counterpart to the body, the spirit Canopic Jars where the organs were kept after they were taken out of the body, buried with the body