Chapter 2: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
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JillianWothe on September 24, 2011
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 law of conservation of mass | mass is neither created nor destroyed |
| law of definite proportion | a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass |
| law of multiple of proportions | a law stating that when two elements form a series of compounds, the rations of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers |
| atomic weights (masses) | the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring element |
| avogadro's hypothesis/law | equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles |
| cathode-ray tube | One of the 1st experiments led by English Physicist J.J Thomson who studied electrical discharges in partially evacuated tubes. (Pg.49) of ZUMDHAL |
| electron | a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom |
| radioactivity | (certain elements produce high-energy radiation) named by French scientist Henri Becquerel, three types of radioactive emission: gamma ray, beta particles, and alpha particles. (pg.52) of ZUMDHAL |
| nuclear atom | an atom having a dense center of poistive charge (the nucleus) with electrons moving around the outside |
| nucleus | the small, dense center of positive charge in an atom |
| proton | a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus |
| neutron | a particle in the atomic nucleus with mass virtually equal to the proton's but with no charge |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic number but different mass numbers |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an atom |
| chemical bond | the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound |
| covalent bond | a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms |
| molecule | a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements |
| chemical formula | the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms |
| structural formula | the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines |
| space-filling model | a model of a molecule showing the relative sizes of the atoms and their relative orientations |
| ball-and-stick model | a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly |
| ion | an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge |
| cation | a positive ion |
| anion | a negative ion |
| ionic bond | the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charge ions |
| ionic solid (salt) | a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to give a solution containing the seperated ions which are mobile and thus free to conduct electrical current |
| polyatomic ion | an ion containing a number of atoms |
| periodic table | a chart showing all the elements, arranged in columns with similar chemical properties |
| metal | an element that give up electrons relatively easily and is lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity |
| nonmetal | an element not exhibiting metallic characteristics. Chemically a typical nonmetal accepts electrons from a metal |
| group (family) | a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties |
| alkali metals | a Group 1A metal |
| alkaline earth metals | a Group 2A metal |
| halogens | a Group 7A element |
| noble gases | a Group 8A element |
| period | the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table |
| binary compounds | a two element compound |
| IONIC compounds (binary) | a compoud that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form a cation and an anion |
| COVALENT compounds (binary) | formed between two nonmetals. |
| acid | a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor |
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