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Period horizontal row Family vertical column Octet rule 8 electrons in the outer level render an atom that is unreactive ionization energy energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom electron affinity the attraction of an atom for an element electronegativity relative tendency of an atom to attract elements to itself when it is bonded to another atom metal hard and shiny metal conduct heat and electricity metal malleable and ductile metal left of stair step metal only have a few electrons in their outer level (generally have 3). Tend to lose the electrons to become positive ions (cations). non-metal gases or brittle solids at room temperature non-metal dull and are insulators non-metal right of stair step non-metal more electrons in outer level (generally have 5). They tend to gain electrons to become negative ions (anions). metalloid elements along the stair step (except aluminum) metalloid share characteristics of metals and non-metals reactivity the ability to lose or gain electrons to form a chemical bond atomic radius measures the size of an atom electron configuration shows the arrangement of electrons of an atom ionic bond electrons are transferred, given away, or taken up covalent bond when electrons are shared (between 2non-metals) polar covalent bond unequal attraction for the shared electron; unequal distribution of charge in the molecule; molecule has a portion that is slightly positive and an area that is slightly negative; molecules are bent or asymmetrical non-polar covalent bond equal attraction for the shared electrons; equal distribution of charge throughout the molecule; symmetrical (looks the same from all angles) or linear surfactant a substance that joins polar and non-polar bonds; allows polar and non-polar to dissolve in each other; are both polar and non-polar saturated fat carbon atoms have single bonds; solid at room temperature unsaturated fat when hydrogen atoms are removed, double bonds are formed creating mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated fats; healthier; liquid at room temperature soluble able to be dissolved insoluble incapable of being dissolved ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and reactivity of non-metals increases across a period; decreases down a group atomic radius and reactivity of metals decreases across a period; increases down a group ionic bond electronegativity greater than 1.7 covalent bond electronegativity below 1.7 polar covalent bond elecronegativity .4-1.7 non-polar covalent bond electronegativiy 0-.4 (including .4)