Chp 10 -Nervous System
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100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 CNS includes | brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| PNS includes | peripheral nerves |
| peripheral nerves do what | connect CNS to other body parts |
| sensory neurons | travel from 1 of our senses (organs) to brain- afferent |
| motor neurons | take a return message from brain to sense (organ) -efferent |
| 2 types of motor neurons | somatic-voluntary autonomic-involuntary |
| detect changes | sensory receptors aka affectors |
| collect sensory info, make decisions | integritive functions |
| responds to muscles, glands | motor impluses aka effectors |
| affectors | receive signal |
| effectors | carries away |
| nerve cell | neuron |
| basic unit | neuron |
| function of neuron | transmits nerve impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons or cells outside CNS |
| nerve | bundle of axons |
| nerve impulses aka | electrochemical changes |
| neuroglia | does not transmit nerve impulses, fill spaces, supports and nourishes neurons |
| space between neurons | synapse |
| bipolar | 1 axon, 1 dendrite |
| bipolar found in | eyes nose ears |
| unipolar | 2 branches and function as axon |
| ex of unipolar | ganglia- large nerve tissue |
| multipolar | many dendrites |
| ex of multipolar | most common in brain and spinal cord |
| most unipolar, some bipolar | sensory |
| multipolar | interneuron (association) |
| efferent | motor |
| 4 neuroglia functions | stim neurons in embryo, nourish neurons, remove ions and neurotransmitters, provide support |
| cool fact about neuroglia | smler than neurons but out number than 5-10x |
| more than 1/2 brain volume | neuroglia |
| most brain tumors because | neuroglia cells divide too often |
| neurons and neuroglia develope the same ___ | neural stem cells |
| microglia (in brain) causes | huntingtons disease, releases toxins that damage neurons |
| astrocyte causes | lou gherigs disease- releases toxins than destroy certain motor neurons |
| 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS | schwann cells, satellite cells |
| schwann cells | produce myelin ( on nerve in PNS) |
| satellite | support the ganglia- masses of nerve cells |
| 4 types of neuroglia found in the CNS | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma |
| astrocytes | star shaped, connect neurons to blood vessels |
| oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cords |
| microglia | sml, provide support and perform phagocytosis |
| ependyma | inner lining of brain and spinal cord, allow for diffusion between fluid in brain and spinal cord |
| injured cell body, the nerve will most likely | die |
| damaged peripheral nerve | distal part dies, neuroglia secrete nerve growth factors, proximal may reestablish connections by conn tiss tube, growth is 3-4 mm day |
| CNS regeneration is very | unlikely |
| 3 characteristics to myelination | begins 14th week of gestation, incomplete at birth, continues through adolescence |
| functional connection between 2 neurons | synapse |
| gap between area of synapse | synaptic cleft |
| presynaptic neuron | before it goes across gap |
| postsynaptic neuron | after it goes across gap |
| synaptic transmission process | impulse travels from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron |
| process 6 steps | nerve impulse, synaptic knob, synaptic vessicles, neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft, receptor molecules |
| synaptic vessicles hold what | neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitter goes across | gap ( synaptic cleft) |
| receptor molecules aka | port |
| neurotransmitter thats exitatory | getting stimulated |
| neurotransmitter thats inhibitory | body wants to shut off process |
| whatever the body wants to happen | will determine if its inhibitory or excitatory |
| polarized | electrical charge at membrane |
| if the outside of the cell membrane is + the inside will be | - |
| inside - outside + happens when | no nerve impulse is going through |
| what are the 2 ions of the cell membrane | Na+, K+ |
| 3 Na out for ever | 2 K+ in, ends up with net + on outside |
| resting potential | no stimulation, when no impulse is going through, inside - outside + (net of 1 K+ outside) |
| local potential changes | when the nerve impulse message is now going through the axon, change in pot voltage, opens ion channel for Na allowed in a K let out, changes the charge |
| cell membrane potential aka | voltage |
| action potential | change in charge itself |
| depolarization of cell membrane | + inside, - outside |
| once the nerve impulse leaves the cell | repolarization happens, - inside, + outside, |
| nerve impulse | series of 1 action after another, polarization to depolarization over and over |
| all or none response is like | muscle fiber responses |
| all or none response includes | all contracts or all doesnt, nerve impulse conduction completely or not at all (neuron) |
| nerve impulse goes faster in what? | myelinated than unmyelinated |
| the larger the diameter, the __ | faster the nerve impulse goes through |
| unmyelinated | travels full length surface of axon |
| nodes of ranvier | has breaks, nodes in axon (with schwann cell) |
| impulse conduction | saltatory conduction |
| 2 types of synaptic potentials( charge/voltage at synapse) | EPSP, IPSP |
| EPSP | excitatory post synaptic potential |
| IPSP | inhibitory post synaptic potential |
| EPSP increases what | Na+ |
| IPSP increases what | K+ |
| there are how many types of neurotransmitters | 30+ |
| acetyl choline (ACH) | stim skeletal muscle contraction |
| Monoamines | epinephrine (adreniline), norepenephrine, dopamine, seratonin |
| amino acids | glycine, glutamic acid, gamma-- amino butyric acid (GABA) |
| peptides | short chains of amino acids |
| peptide neurotransmitters (neuropeptides) | enkephalins, endorphins- stronger (pain relivers) substance P- sends pain impulses to spinal cord |
| nitric oxide | gasses, may play role in memory |
| neuronal pools process | CNS neurons into pools afferent impulse- pool--processing--efferent |
| pool | neurons clustered together |
| convergence | coming into spinal cord and brain |
| divergence | going away from spinal cord and brain, some get left in pool, other go out with other motor neurons |
| divergence means 1 neuron goes to | several parts of the body |
| dilantin | sedative, promotes Na+, K+ pump, gets action nerve potential working right |
| caffeine | stimulant, lowers threshold of stimulus so body rx a lot quicker |
| cocaine | prevents inactivation of norepinephrine |
| valium | causes relaxtion, inhibits seizures/anxiety, increases effect of GABA |
| anphetamines | promotes dopamine release, makes people feel good but just for a moment, strong high happy |
| lsd | hallucination, stimulates and binds with seratonin |
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