The Renaissance and Reformation
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pasteurella pestis | the cause of the bubonic plague, a bacteria transmitted through the blood of an animal or flea stomach into a rat |
| Fur-collar crime | Crime after the Hundred Years' war, called so because of the fur the nobility alone were allowed to wear on collars; nobles took to crime because of little else to do |
| English Statue of Labourers | 1351, attempt by Parliament to freeze the wages of workers at pre-1347 levels, but did not work |
| Vernacular literature | Literature in native tongues instead of Latin or Greek; increased in popularity in 14th century |
| Conciliar Movement | The movement in which the pope got authority from the Christian community, but papacy shared power with general council; believed Church reform was achieved through periodic assemblies or general councils; representing all Christian people |
| Craft Guild | Provided a minority of men and women with psychological satisfaction of involvement in manufacture of products; provided economic security and high standards for product. but great decrease in 14th century |
| Queen Isabella of England | Mother of Edward III, and upon her husband's death took control of the government, but laws were soon passed not allowing women to have the throne and Edward III took over |
| Hundred Years' War | 1337-1453- a war between France and England Improved nationalism England was successful in the early stages but with Joan of Arc, France eventually won Consequences for the countries outweigh the benefits |
| Robin Hood | A hero of folk tales originating in England, who attacked those who violated law; symbol of deep resentment of aristocratic corruption and abuse, and the struggle against tyranny and oppression |
| Marsiglio of Padua | Wrote Defensor Pacis (Defender of Peace); believed Church was subordinate to the state; revolutionary ideas of a Church with no jurisdiction and owning no property, but excommunicated; contradicted medieval thought |
| Battle of Crecy | English victories at Battle of Crecy, 1346, Important battle of Hundred Years' War where smaller English army defeats the French due to weapon technology, especially the longbow. |
| Martin V | The new pope/leader chosen at the Great Council at Constance, who dissolved the Council with nothing resolved about reform |
| Joan of Arc | An obscure peasant who heard voices telling her to crown King Charles VII and expel the English from France; theses measures were taken and, after the Battle of Orleans, France was the winner of the war; kidnapped by England and burned at the stake |
| Babylonian Captivity | 1309-1376; when the pope lived in Avignon in southeast France and the Christian Church split; named after the 70 year Hebrew captivity |
| Margaret Paston | An example of a married woman in the 14th century, who attended to the estate and was in charge of all money, all while raising eight kids |
| Lollards | Followers of John Wycliff; "mumblers of prayers and psalms," an ironic tern describing what they were opposed to |
| House of Commons | Knight and burgesses who met away from the great lords of Parliament; required that the king couldn't tax without Parliament's consent |
| Edward III | Seized the throne after his mother, Queen Elizabeth, and signed the Treaty of Paris, but after French Philip VI confiscated the Duchy, he declared war, beginning the Hundred Years' War |
| John Hus | A Czech reformer condemned at the Great Council of Constance, 1374 - 1415 in Czech/Bohemia Leader of a group of Czech reformers at the Prague University Urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy, attacked the power of the papacy within the Catholic church. The council of Constance was sprouted and attempted to deal with the problem of heresy. Burned at the stake. |
| John Wycliff | 1330-1384; revolutionary who believed scripture was the core of beliefs, abolition of saints and pilgrimages, and the Church should be stripped of property; precursor the the Reformation, whose followers were called the Lollards |
| the Jacquerie | A massive uprising of the French peasantry; peasants blamed nobility and burned their towns, and suppression of rebellion only drove their revolt underground |
| Christine de Pisan | 1363-1434; versatile and prolific French 14th century writer; a feminist who vied for women's rights in writing and fought the prejudice against her to become an esteemed writer |
| Legal pluralism | Native people followed traditional law, but newcomers followed the laws of countries from which they came; provoked racial tensions and racism among immigrants and natives |
| Marriage | Very important among late medieval society; brought satisfaction and peace; most women married at 12-20, while most men were 20-30; economic factors determined marriage, but there were deep emotional bonds within family |
| Feudal chivalry | Saw its last flowering during the Hundred Years' War because the battlefield was the perfect setting to perform chivalry |
| Individual Christian Faith | Laity gained more control in the Parish; faith became more personal but still remained public; became deepened during this time period |
| Leisure Time | Cruel sports, such as fighting animals, were participated in and watched, and alcohol was common |
| Nationalism | Increased tenfold after the Hundred Years' War and increased pride in one's country, which made citizens more willing to defend against invaders |
| Renaissance | "Rebirth," cultural achievements of the 14th-16th centuries |
| Oligarchy | Rule by merchant aristocracies that triumphed during the 1300s |
| Signori | Despots; one-man rulers who triumphed in Italy in the 1300s |
| Communes | North Italian cities; sworn associations of free men seeking economic and political independence from local nobles; created urban nobility |
| Popolo | Those disenfranchised and heavily taxed who resented exclusion from power in communes; took over many cities and implemented republican governments, but their political exclusivity caused these to fail |
| Reconquista | Attempts at the Spanish to reconquer and unify independent kingdoms such as the Castile and Aragon |
| Humanism | "new learning;" literary culture needed by anyone considered educated and civilized; studied Latin classics with emphasis on human potential and capabilities |
| Secularism | The basic concern with material world instead of eternal world of the spirit; emphasized trueness of what senses could discover and the here and now |
| Spanish conversos | Jews who converted to Christianity during strong Spanish anti-semitism to escape pogroms and torture |
| Individualism | Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one's capabilities and talents; quest for glory was the core component |
| Materialism | A Renaissance secular idea of being absorbed in worldly, palpable matters |
| Hermandades | "Brotherhoods;" groups in town given the authority to act as local police and judicial tribunals who repressed violence |
| Machiavellian | A term used to describe someone politically devious and corrupt |
| English Royal Court and Court of Star Chamber | Renaissance England's center of authority and jurisdiction |
| Conquest of Granada | Spanish conquered Granada, which ended a centuries-old struggle with the Arabs and was the conclusion of the reconquista |
| Habsburg-Valois Wars | France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states |
| Pico della Mirandola | wrote On the Dignity of Man, where he stated that man is made in the image of God, with no limits on man's accomplishments |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch humanist whose life work was the application of the best humanistic study and learning and explanation of the Bible; 2 fundamental themes of this books: education in the means for reform and improvement, and Christianity is just Christ |
| Thomas Moore | English social and intellectual historian; wrote Utopia, which presents a revolutionary view of society; suggested that flawed institution and private property created corruption and war; radical, implemented new view of the world |
| Donatello | A sculptor who put emphasis on classical sculpture |
| Baldassare Castiglione | wrote The Courtier, in which he described how to train, discipline, and fashion young men into gentlemen; created the model of the ideal European gentlemen |
| Niccolo Macchiavelli | wrote The Prince, which described how rulers should gain, maintain, and increase power; humans are selfish and are only out to advance their own interests; rulers should be loved and feared, but feared more; 2 ideals used today: permanent social order can't be established and politics has its own laws |
| Lorenzo Valla | father of modern historical criticism; wrote On the False Donation of Constantine; thought pleasing of senses was highest pleasure, and exemplifies critical scholarship of writings and new secular spirit |
| Savanarolo | Attacked religion, government, and corruption and became successful, then leader of Florence and helped fall of Medicis, but people tired of him and excommunicated him; symbolized that commoners were not open to the worldly outlooks of the elite and the internal italian instability |
| Francois Rabelais | French humanist; secular, brad readers; wrote Gargantua and Pontagruel, which expressed Renaissance vitality, satirized society, and believed institutions and education were key |
| Louis XI of France | Charles VII's son; aka "Spider king," promoted new industries and commercialism and severe taxation to improve army and therefore strengthen the state |
| Henry VII of England | created domestic and international peace throughout England, augmented the treasury and enhanced dignity of the King |
| Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Married couple who created hermandades, and then set up Inquisition of Spain; combined Castile and Aragon, creating a more united Spain |
| Charles VII of France | Revived the monarchy after the Hundred Years' War by stopping civil war, reorganizing royal council (more influence in the middle class) , establishing permanent royal army, and asserting superiority over the papacy |
| Cesare Borgia | Son of Alexander VI who was a Machiavellian leader and the hero of the book The Prince because he united the papal states by conquering and demanding total obedience |
| Brethren of the Common Life | pious laypeople of Holland living in stark simplicity and carrying out the Gospel teachings through service; wanted toe make religion a personal experience |
| John Knox | Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland, where he modeled the Church after Calvin's Geneva, ended papal authority, and established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland |
| Pope Paul III | Called the Council of Trent, appointed cardinals interested in reform, established inquisition of papal states, basically started Catholic reformation |
| Ulrich Zwingli | 1484-1531- Swiss humanist who introduced the reformation to Switzerland, saying that the basis for Christian life is Scripture |
| Archbishop Cranmer | Simplified the liturgy, invited Protestant theologians to England, and prepared the 1st Book of Common Prayer, which was the order for all services of the Church of England |
| John Tetzel | Man seller of indulgences who provoked Luther to write his 95 theses |
| Martin Luther | A German-Augustinian friar (1483-1546) who launched the Protestant reformation of the 16th century, articulation the widespread desire for reform and concern for salvation |
| Transubstantiation | By the consecrated words of the priest, bread and wine become Christ, who is then fully present in bread and wine (Catholic belief) |
| Consubstantiation | Bread and wine undergo spiritual change where Christ is really present by bread and wine are not transformed (Luther belief) |
| Henry VIII | Caused theEnglish reformation because he wanted a divorce from his wife, unable to have a male, but not allowed by the Catholic Church; removed English Church from papacy, legalized reformation and became sovereign ruler of all |
| Charles V | The last medieval emperor who inherited diverse states and people and wanted to control the and unify under Western Christendom, but who was naive and put Habsburg before German reform |
| Mary Tudor | Brought England back to Catholicism |
| Council of Trent | Called to reform Church and reconcile with Protestants and validized the Scriptures and traditions, and reaffirmed the 7 sacraments, strengthened the discipline (Tridentine Decrees) and increased education of clergy and laity |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholics cohersion and convincing heretics to return to the Church; progressed with the Catholic reformation after 1540 |
| Elizabethan Settlement | Created by Elizabeth in the early years of her reign, which required outward conformity to Church of England and uniformity |
| Act of Restraint of Appeals | A declaration stating that the king was the supreme and sovereign in England, and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy, which resulted in the Crown being the highest authority |
| Pluralism | holding several benefices but seldom visiting them or performing the spiritual responsibilities they entail |
| Benefices | Church offices |
| Peace of Augsburg | An agreement in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism, which caused Lutheranism in Northern Germany and Roman Catholicism in Southern Germany; still no freedom of religion since the princes chose their kingdom's religion |
| Ninety-Five Theses | Luther's letter to Archbishop Albert of indulgences and and how they undermine penance, compete with the Gospel, and downplay Christian life; hung on the door and public news |
| Preacherships | Men of superior education (preachers) required to deliver about 100 sermons per year, each about 45 minutes long |
| "The Imitation of Christ" | (Kempis)- Finest expression of Brethren; told to take Christ as a model and seek perfection in simplicity, and gained worldwide appeal amongst many laypeople, beginning a religious revival |
| "Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" | Luther's attempt to reform the Church for the Germans; stated to destroy papal power and bring about moral reform; gained Luther strong support and influence German princes |
| "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" | Calvin's ideas on religion, including absolute sovereignity of God, weakness of humans, and predestination |
| Roman Catholicism | The religion of the Holy Roman empire, which emphasized the role of the papacy and traditional practices; reformed and then more successful after Counter-Reformation |
| Lutheranism | Luther's religion in which he appealed to the people by calling for reform of the papacy; believed that salvation cold only be achieved by faith |
| Calvinism | A religion created by John Calvin in which absolute sovereignity of God, weakness of humans, predestination, and cruel consistory punishment were the main ideas; formed out of Protestantism |
| Anabaptism | Believed adults should make free choices about baptism, religious faith, and entry into Christian community; no infant baptism, pacifism and good deeds; wanted voluntary believers who experienced inner light |
| Church of England | created when Henry VIII split from papacy and became sovereign ruler; retained Catholicism but approved Protestantism; nationalization of Church and loss of monasteries; aka Anglican Church |
| Presbyterian Church of Scotland | Calvinist, simple and dignified, emphasis on preaching, governed by ministers, liturgical directory was the Book of Common Order, national state Church |
| Brunelleschi's Founding Hospital in Florence | A hospital designed and built by Brunelleschi, which represented merchant's dominant influence on society, the blending of gothic and classical architecture, and the religious themes prevalent in this time period (early 15th cent) |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441); known for his use of landscapes and everyday life |
| Johan Gutenberg | Invented the printing press |
| Lefevre d'Etaples | a french theologian and humanist. he wrote several books and his ideas were closely paralleled to that of his friend Erasmus. his books were deemed heretic and he was exiled for a portion of his life; exemplified the works of Martin Luther |
| Saint John Chrysostom | He was considered the most prominent priest of the Greek Church and the greatest preacher ever heard in Church. Saint John Chrysostom was a great writer, orator, and theologian of his time; adamant in anti-semitism and hated Jews |
| Jerome Bosch | He was a Flemish painter whose works display the confusion and anguish of the end of the Middle Ages. Jerome Bosch frequently used religious themes, colorful imagery, and grotesque fantasies in his works of art |
| Angela Merici | founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training |
| Pope Alexander VI | A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church; father of Cesare Borgia |
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