Psych Test 1

5 Written Questions

1. whether or not the test appears, just by looking at it, as though it assesses what it purports to assess (researcher doesn't want face validity b/c participants may change responses; least important type of validity)
2. How much are we different vs. how much are we the same?
3. student of Wundt; developed a school of thought called structuralism
4. Theory: a systematic way of organizing and explaining observations (a theory provides framework for generating a hypothesis: proposed cause-and-effect relationship between 2 or more variables.
5. possible when scientist continue to encounter an anomaly, which cannot be explained by the current paradigm (paradigms are relatively rigid, and normal science persists due to its apparent inflexibility)

5 Matching Questions

1. Sensory Neurons
2. Ventral
3. Pennebaker Study
4. Cognitive Perspective 2
5. Myelin Sheath

1. a Bottom
2. b Metaphor: the mind is like a computer, the brain is also a metaphor for the mind: an idea is a network of brain cells that are activated together
   Method: experimental method
   Data: quantitative empirical data (often memory and thought tasks; e.g., recall of word lists, reaction time tasks)
3. c Transmit information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain (afferent).
4. d derived from glial cells; insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses (i.e., action potential)
5. e College students wrote for 20 minutes a day for three consecutive days (some wrote about emotions and the other group wrote strictly on what they did that day). Pennebaker measured both group's visits to the campus health center after the writing exercises and found that those who wrote about their emotions were healthier.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. consistent across forms (requires that there are 2 forms of the test that are the same or very similar in terms of the number of items, time limits, content, etc.) (least popular method b/c it is difficult to come up multiple tests)
   1. Scientific Revolution
   2. Adaptive Traits
   3. Alternate Form Reliability
   4. Structuralism
2. do we freely choose our actions or is behavior caused by things outside our control such as genetics?
   1. Temporal Summation
   2. Spacial Summation
   3. Free Will vs. Determinism
   4. Mental vs. Physical
3. H-shaped structure in the center is gray-colored and consists of cell bodies. The outer regions are white in appearance (due to myelin that surrounds axons).
   1. Validity Issues
   2. Gray v. White Matter
   3. Dorsal v Ventral
   4. Paradigm Shift
4. continuous can be placed on a continuum (e.g., intelligence or body weight)
   categorical can take on fixed values (e.g., sex (male or female); had heart attack (y/n)).
   1. Electrical Gradient
   2. Nature vs. Nurture
   3. Rationalism vs. Empiricism
   4. Continuous vs. Categorical Variables
5. Floor; movement and conscious arousal and activation
   1. Cerebellum
   2. Tectum
   3. Tegmentum
   4. At rest

5 True/False Questions

1. Experimenter's Dilemma → trade off which researchers must choose to place more emphasis on external validity or on internal validity.

   True        False

2. Psychological Anthropologists → observe people in other cultures in their natural settings (e.g. they study the way economic realities shape child-rearing practices, which in turn mold personality)

   True        False

3. Nature vs. Nurture → in-depth observation of the behavior of one person or small group of individuals, used in interpretative clinical research and when large numbers of participants are not available.
   2 drawbacks: small sample size (limit to generalizability) and susceptibility to researcher bias (researchers tend to see what they expect to see).

   True        False

4. Bivariate Distribution → Cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
   Left- language, logic, details, analytical thinking and positive emotions
   Right- non-linguistic functions (face recognition), and negative emotions

   True        False

5. 4 Characteristics of Good Research → seeks to describe phenomena as they exist rather than to manipulate variables (three methods: case study, naturalistic observation, survey research).

   True        False