Chapter 1: The Flowering Seed Plants & Chapter 2: The Stucture and Function of Flowers
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Biology | The study of living things |
| Botany | The study of plants |
| Zoology, Human Anatomy and Physiology, and Botany | The three broad divisions of biology |
| Man is totally dependent on plants, directly or indirectly, for food; plants and plant products are also essential in medicine and industry | The Importance of Plants |
| Trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs (woody and herbaceous) | How land plants may be grouped according to the size and type of the stem |
| Taproot and Fibrous | The two main kinds of root systems |
| Annuals: One growing season; Biennials: Two growing seasons; Perennials: Live year to year and bloom each season | The difference between annuals, biennials, and perennials |
| Wheat, corn, and rice | The three most important cereal crops |
| Opposite, alternate, whorled, rosette | Four ways in which leaves may be arranged on a stem |
| Structural tissue, vascular tissue, meristematic tissue | The three main types of plant tissue |
| Epidermal, cork, parenchyma, support and strengthening tissue | Four types of structural tissue |
| Xylem, phloem | Two types of vascular tissue |
| Cambium | One of the most important types of meristematic tissue |
| Parallel, pinnate, palmate | Three types of venation |
| Cell membrane and cell wall | The parts of a plant cell that separate its contents from surrounding environment |
| Nucleus | The part of a plant that controls the cell's activities |
| Chloroplasts | The structures in a plant cell that carry out photosynthesis |
| Tendrils, spines or insect trapping leaves | Two examples of specials leaves |
| Biology | The study of living things |
| Organisms | Living things |
| Habitat | Regions where particular organisms normally live |
| Botany | The study of plants |
| Zoology | The study of animals |
| Woody Plants | A plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems |
| Herbaceous Plant | A plant lacking a permanent woody stem |
| Angiosperm | Flowering seed plants |
| Legume | Member of the Pea Family |
| Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria | Converts nitrogen from ammonia into nitrates |
| Denitrifying Bacteria | Convert unused nitrates back into the atmosphere |
| Nitrifying Bacteria | Provides nitrates to the soil from decomposing plants and animals |
| Dicot | Two cotyledons per seed |
| Monocot | One cotyledon per seed |
| Cereals | Man developed grasses |
| Forage Grasses | Grasses livestock is raised on |
| Turf Grasses | Grass that covers lawns, athletic fields, golf courses, and playgrounds |
| Stolon | A creeping stem that grows above the ground |
| Sheath | The area in which the plant grows from |
| Hardwood | Dense, hard wood |
| Deciduous | Able to lose their leaves in fall |
| System | group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism |
| Organ | A structure within a system which has a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system |
| Tissue | Living material which is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism. |
| Root System | Underground, anchoring the plant, functions in the absorption of nutrients and storage of food |
| Shoot System | Above ground, holds up leaves towards the sun for manufacturing food, and providing for the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds. |
| Blade | Flat, green portion of a leaf |
| Petiole | Leafstalk |
| Midrib | Major Vein |
| Leaflet | Each small blade on a compound leaf |
| Nodes | Point at which leaves grow from the stem. |
| Xylem | Transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves |
| Phloem | Transports food manufactured on the leaves downward |
| Sap | Sweet liquid found within the vascular tissue of plants |
| Vascular Cambium | Produces new vascular tissue |
| Cork Cambium | Produces new cork tissue |
| Stomata | The lower epidermis of leaves |
| Guard Cells | Expand and contract in order to open and close each stoma |
| Leaf Hairs | The hairlike structure covering the epidermis |
| Transpiration | The passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere |
| Mesophyll | The place where most of the photosynthesis takes place, middle portion of the leaf |
| Venation | The pattern of the veins within leaves |
| Cell | The basic structural unit of all living things |
| Cytoplasm | Serves as fluid for the many molecules and organelles |
| Organelles | Little organs that make up the cell |
| Chloroplasts | Use the light of the sun to manufacture food |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment which gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of the sun |
| Autotroph | Producers |
| Heterotroph | Consumers |
| Photosynthesis | The process whereby a plant's chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of sunlight and convert it into the chemical energy of food is called photosynthesis |
| Glucose | A simple sugar |
| Sucrose | Table sugar |
| Cellulose | A complex carbohydrate made up of long chain of glucose molecules |
| Starch | A long, chain-like molecule consisting of thousands of glucose molecules linked together |
| Cellular Reparation | Plant cells obtain energy by oxidizing sugars, or combining them with oxygen in a chemical reaction roughly comparable to burning. |
| Abscission Layer | Cuts leaves from the stem |
| Turgor Pressure | The water within guard cells |
| Wilting | Occurs when there is a high rate of transpiration |
| Sepals | Leaf-like structures attached to the edge of the receptacle |
| Petals | The most conspicuous part of the flower |
| Corolla | The petals |
| Stamen | The organs that produce the pollen |
| Filament | A slender, elongated stalk |
| Anther | An enlarger structure at the tip of the filament; produces pollen |
| Pollen | Contains sperm for the flower |
| Pistil and Ovary | The central structure in a flower; the swollen base of a pistil |
| Style and Stigma | The stalklike structure that connects the ovary to the tip of the pistil; Part of the flower which receives the pollen grains at the time of pollination |
| Bracts | The bright red leaved that appear to be petals; special leaves |
| Inflorescence | Clusters of flowers |
| Photoperiodism | When plants require a definite period of light and darkness before they will flower |
| Horticulturist | agriculture technician |
| Fruit | Fully ripened ovary |
| Pollination | The transfer of pollen |
| Hybrid | Cross-pollination that occurs between two plants of different kinds |
| Nectar | sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants |
| Fertilization | When the ovules begin developing into seeds only after a sperm cell brought by pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule. |
| Sexual Reproduction | When sperm and egg unite |
| Legume | Simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds |
| Bran | Shell-like fruit covering that can be removed only by milling |
| Chaff | Also called husk, can be removed easily |
| Germination | The sprouting of a seed |
| Dormancy | A period of inactivity |
| Endosperm | Makes 85% of the kernel; is used in making white flour |
| Help plants reproduce after their kind by forming reproductive cells; produce fruits and seeds | The Purpose of Flowers |
| Manufacture food for the plant by means of photosynthesis | The Purpose of Leaves |
| Hold up the plant's leaves and flowers | The Purpose of Steams |
| Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs water and minerals and stores food | The Purpose of Roots |
| Ordinary leaves have petioles, whereas sessile leaves do not | How are sessile leaves different from ordinary leaves? |
| Simple leaves have only one blade per petiole; compound leaves have more than one blade per patiole | How are simple leaves different from compound leaves? |
| To protect and waterproof the stem | What is the purpose of cork tissue? |
| To make and store food | What is the purpose of parenchyma tissue? |
| Xylem tissue transports water and minerals upward to the leaves; phloem tissue transport food manufactured down to the rest of the plant | Explain the function of xylem and phloem tissue |
| To provide covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces | Explain the purpose of a leaf's epidermis |
| The veins contain the vascular tissue and transport food, sap and minerals throughout the leaf. | What is the purpose of leaf veins? |
| To store food materials, fluid substances, and minerals | State the purpose of vacuoles |
| When the abscission layer forms, the chlorophyll in the leaf begins to deteriorate, allowing other pigments that had previously been hidden by the chlorophyll become visible | What causes leaves to turn different colors in autumn? |
| When water is being lost faster than it can be replenished, the guard cells lose turgor pressure and close the stomata. This reduces the rate of transpiration and water loss, helping to conserve water | How do guard cells help conserve water |
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