Cognitive Neuroscience Midterm
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Created by:
Schroeder5 on September 26, 2011
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | the process of knowing (from awareness, perception and reasoning) |
| neuroscience | the study of the neuroscience |
| phrenology | the idea that the brain is organized around some 35 or more specific functions; use of one area more than others would cause it to grow |
| localization | the idea that different brain functions are localized to discrete brain functions |
| neuron doctrine | the belief that brain functions were carried out through the synchronized activity if independent neurons |
| cytoarchitecture | how the cells differ between brain regions; Brodmann used tissue staining visualize the different cell types |
| gyrus | top part of the fold in the brain (ridge) |
| sulcus | lower part of the fold in the brain (valley) |
| grey matter | contains the cell bodies of neurons and glial cells |
| white matter | coloring is due to the fatty myelin surrounding the axons |
| purpose of folded cortex | to help fit in the skull, increase surface area, reduce axonal distance |
| frontal lobe | front of the brain |
| temporal lobe | sides of the brain |
| parietal lobe | top of brain |
| occipital lobe | back of brain |
| cognitive psychology | study of mental activity as an information processing problem |
| serial processing | processing when reaction time slows down because the memory set becomes larger due to the fact that more time is required to compare an item with a large memory list than with a small memory list |
| parallel processing | when a reaction time is independent of the number of items in the memory set |
| purpose of computer modeling | used to simulate cognitive processes |
| limitations of computer modeling | always require radical simplifications of the nervous system, some requirements and problems arise in modeling work and they are restricted to relatively narrow problems |
| single cell recording limitations | not responsive to all visual stimuli |
| receptive field | the limited region of space where all visually sensitive cells respond to stimuli |
| animal lesion techniques | aspiration of neural tissue: a suction device is used to remove the targeted structures neurochemical lesions: application of a drug to a targeted lesion |
| genetic manipulations | knockout procedures develop genetically altered animals by manipulating specific genes so they are no longer present or expressed |
| CT (computed tomography) | a noninvasive neuroimaging method that provides images of internal structures such as the brain; an advanced X-ray |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | a scanner that uses the weak magnetic field hydrogen protons generated in the brain to formulate an image that is much clearer than a CT scan |
| parkinson's disease | a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis |
| alzheimers | A progressive disease characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and plaque in the brain, lack of acetylcholine. Neurons of frontal and medial temporal lobes are affected, with biochemical & structural changes. |
| AIDs dementia | lesions within white matter |
| herpes simplex | destruction of neurons in temporal and limbic regions |
| multiple sclerosis | demyelination of white matter |
| single dissociation | two groups tested on two tasks and a between-group difference is apparent in only one task |
| double dissociation | when two groups can be compared to each other, more commonly when patient groups are compared with a control group that shows no impairment |
| TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) | a strong electrical current is rapidly generated in a coil placed over a targeted region disrupting neural processing and creating brief, reversible lesions |
| ERP (event-related potential) | a tiny signal embedded in the ongoing EEG that reflects neural activity |
| fMRI | measures what the brain does by measuring metabolic changes correlated with neural activity. when the brain is active, more oxygen and glucose are made available by increased blood flow |
| dorsal stream | also known as the occipito-parietal pathway, its specialzed for spatial perception and determining where an object is |
| ventral stream | also known as the occipito-temporal pathway, it specialized for object perception and recognition, determining what we're looking at |
| perception/action distinctions | patients can recognize objects yet cannot use visual info to guide their action |
| Grandmother cells | cells that signal the presence of a known stimulus that has been encountered in the past |
| visual agnosia vs memory loss | visual agnosia has the patient not able to recognize the object until they pick them up whereas memory loss is unable to recognize them even after holding the object |
| apperceptive agnosia | failure in object recognition linked to problems in perceptual processing and is a ventral-stream disorder |
| associative agnosia | patients can derive normal visual representations but cannot use this information to recognize things |
| integrative agnosia | patients have difficulty integrating parts of an object into a coherent whole |
| holistic processing | perceptual analysis that emphasizes the overall shape of an object |
| hemiplegia | one side of the body, loss of voluntary movement, motor cortex damage and reflexes return, increased muscle tone |
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