| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 100% | what percent of reflection happens when no medium is used |
| 0.1% | what percent of reflection happens when a medium is used |
| Refraction | what is it called when there is redirection of a wave at the interface |
| Attenuation | what is it called when there is a decrease in ultrasound intensity as the wave moves through the tissues |
| Absorption, reflection & refraction | what is attenuation due to |
| Tissues with high collagen content | where is the highest tissue and frequency |
| Pulsed ultrasound | what is it called when only part of the ultrasound treatment is delivered |
| Non-thermal effects | what is pulsed ultrasound responsible for |
| Duty cycle | what is the proportion of treatment time the ultrasound is delivered |
| Continuous ultrasound | what is it called when 100% of the duty cycle is performed |
| Spatial Average Temporal Peak | what does SATP stand for |
| On time of pulse | when does SATP happen |
| Spatial Average Temporal Average | what does SATA stand for |
| Over the entire treatment time | when does SATA happen |
| Cavitation | what is the formation, growth and pulsation of gas or vapor filled bubbles |
| Microstreaming | what is the microcurrents forming around oscillating bubbles |
| Acoustic streaming | what is the circular flow of cellular fluids during US |
| Acoustic streaming | what alters cell activity by transporting materials within the US field |
| Increase Metabolic rate | tissue alterations of US |
| Decrease Pain | tissue alterations of US |
| Decrease Muscle spasms | tissue alterations of US |
| Increase Nerve conduction | tissue alterations of US |
| Increase Circulation | tissue alterations of US |
| Increase Soft Tissue extensibility | tissue alterations of US |
| Deeper and Smaller | as compared with superficial thermal, US reaches where and heats what size of area |
| Type of tissue being heated | factors affecting tissue temperature increase |
| Duration or intensity of treatment must be increased | to increase total heat transferred what must happen |
| 1 MHz | what frequency heats tissues up to 5cm deep |
| 1 MHz | what frequency is applied at higher intensities |
| 1 MHz | what frequency has lower heat production |
| 3 MHz | what frequency heats tissues 1-2cm deep |
| 3 MHz | what frequency is more superficial |
| 3 MHz | what frequency should be applied at lower intensities |
| Duration | what is it called to measure treatment lengths |
| Moving the transducer head | how do you avoid burns/discomfort from US |
| Starting with clinically determined values | how do you avoid burns/discomfort from US |
| Adjusting based on patient reports | how do you avoid burns/discomfort from US |
| 20% or less | what is considered non-thermal |
| Malignant tumor & CNS tissue | contraindications for US |
| Pregnancy & Joint cement, metal or plastic components | contraindications for US |
| Pacemaker & Thrombophlebitis | contraindications for US |
| Around eyes or reproductive organs | contraindications for US |
| Impaired sensation | contraindications for US |
| Acute inflammation | precautions for US |
| Epiphyseal plates | precautions for US |
| Fractures | precautions for US |
| Breast implants | precautions for US |
| Intracellular calcium & chemotactic factor and histamine release | enhancement of the healing process from non-thermal US |
| Skin and cell membrane permeability & macrophage responsiveness | enhancement of the healing process from non-thermal US |
| mast cell degranulation & rate of fibroblast protein synthesis | enhancement of the healing process from non-thermal US |
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