| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Abuses of the church before reformation | They were involved in politics, they did not pay attention to personal salvation and they sold indulgences |
| Christian Humanism | Spread the philosophy of Christ; provided education; and criticized the abuses of the church |
| Martin Luther | Wrote the Ninety Five Theses; started the Reformation |
| Ninety-Five Theses | Attack on the abuses of the church and was copied and spread throughout Germany |
| Martin Luther's Call for Change | German Princes to overthrow clergy; Kept only 2 sacraments Baptism and Lords Supper; Priests should marry; and faith not deeds are what bring salvation |
| Martin Luther's Excommunication | January 1521 |
| Diet of Worms | Trial to repent Luther's sins; refused so Luther was sentenced to imprisonment |
| John Calvin | A follower of Martin Luther; believed in predestination |
| Predestination | God had already decided who would be saved and who would be damned |
| Henry VIII | Attempted to divorce his wife: Queen Catherine; Pope refused to divorce them; created the Act of Supremacy |
| Anne Boleyn | Second wife to Henry VIII; had a daughter named Elizabeth I. Was beheaded for adultry |
| Act of Supremacy | The king was in control of doctrine, clerical appointments and discipline of the Church of England |
| Jane Seymour | Third wife to Henry VIII; Edward IV mother |
| Edward IV | Henry VIII's only son |
| Queen Mary | Daughter of Catherine of Aragon; Catholic; Wanted to restore England to catholisicsm; given the name "Bloody Mary" because she executed over 300 Protestants |
| Anabaptists | Favored adult baptism; all believers were equal; all christians were priests; complete separation of Church and state |
| Council Of Trent | Reconfirmed the Catholic church's stance on seven sacraments, celibacy and purgatory. Selling of indulgences were forbidden. |
| French Wars of Religion | Conflict between Calvinists and Catholics |
| Ultra-Catholics | Catholic branch that opposed the Huguenots |
| Spanish Intervention | Netherlands; Catholics vs. Protestants |
| Treaty of Westphalia | All states including German Calvinist states were free to determine their own religion |
| England 1588 | Queen Elizabeth I; Spain declared war on England |
| Armada | Fleet of Spanish warships that were defeated by storms and English ships in the English Channel |
| Thirty Years War | Catholics vs. Protestants; began in Germany and spread through all of Europe |
| Louis XIV of France | "Sun King" ; God like control of France |
| Mercantilism | Prosperity depended on amount of gold and silver of a nation; tried to maintain a balence of trade |
| Peter the Great "Russia" | Westernization of Russia. Build new capital of St. Petersburg; Forced nobles to adopt western customs; Expanded westward for natural resources |
| Characteristics of Renaissance | Large rich urban centers allowed for increase in free thinking; age of recovery; increase in emphases on personal individual ability |
| Humanism | Study of the classic authors |
| Humanities | Grammer, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy or ethics and history |
| Frescoes | Fresh wet plaster with water based paints |
| Major works of Leonardo da Vinci | Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man |
| Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci | Armored Tank, helicopter, glider |
| Raphael | One of the best italian painters, focused his paintings on the Modonna |
| Major works of Michelangelo | Sistine Chapel, The Creation of Adam, Statue of David |
| Romanticism | emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination; individualism and the desire to know themselves |
| Romanticism Architecture | Return to Gothic Structures; pseudo medieval castles |
| Walter Scott | Ivanhoe |
| Mary Shelley | Frankenstein |
| Edgar Allen Poe | Short Stories, Raven |
| Beethoven | Composer who bridged the gap between classical and romanticism |
| Casper David Friedrich | The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog |
| Eugene Delacroix | Liberty Leading the People |
| Charles Darwin | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection - Evolution |
| Organic Evolution | Each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life |
| Natural Selection | Some organisms were more adaptable to the evironmnet then others. Those that had characteristics that favored their preservation. Survival of the Fit |
| The Descent of Man | Humans had animal origins; humans were not an exception to other animals. Charles Darwin |
| Realism | Rejected Romanticism; wrote about real life and not romantic heroes or emotions |
| Charles Dickens | Oliver Twist |
| Gustave Courbet | Stone Breakers |
| Heliocentric | The sun (not the earth) is at the center of the universe |
| Ptolemaic/geocentric | The universe is a series of centric (one inside the other) spheres with a fixed or motionless Earth as its center |
| Universal Law of Gravity | Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity |
| Copernicus | Produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center |
| Kepler | Stated laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilei | First to use a telescope to study the stars |
| Harvey | Wrote on the motion of the blood and the heart. Made lots of discoveries about the circulation of blood including that he found the heart is the center of the circulatory system. |
| Andreas Vesalius | Physician who published the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy |
| Laws of Motion | Three laws, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton |
| 1st Law of Motion | Law of inertia |
| 2nd Law of Motion | Laws of acceleration |
| 3rd Law of Motion | Laws of reciprocal actions |
| Secularization | seeing the world in material not spiritual terms seperation of church and state |
| Rationalism | a system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge |
| Scientific Method | A way to examine and understand nature built upon inductive principals; the use of carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations to lead to correct general principals |
| Margaret Cavendish | A woman scientist who was of noble birth and wrote "Observations upon Experimental philosophy" |
| Maria Winkelmann | The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet. |
| Rene' Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician |
| Pascal | French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist |
| Francis Bacon | lawyer; scientific method; way of understanding nature; developed hypothesis, experiment, observation and proof |
| Principals of Legitamacy | Lawful monarchs were restored to position to keep peace and order |
| Hadsburg Austrian Empire | Extremely hard to manage due to the large variety of nationalities |
| Frederick William the Great | Made Prussia into a world power by greatly increasing the military |
| Start of English Civil War | Nobels of England fought for control of the monarchy |
| Effect of English War | Henry VIII becomes the first Tudor King of England |
| English Bill of Rights | Limit the Monarchys ability to raise an army. Protect the individual rights of the people |
| English Revolution | William and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights; Parliament passed the Act of Toleration; Parliament becomes more powerful then the monarch |
| Scientific Revolution | Scientists and philosophers used the teachings of Greeks and Romans to start |
| Scientific Method | Experimentation. Observation and Proof |
| Copernicus | Geocentric system of the solar system. Sun center earth revolves around the sun |
| Kepler | Orbits of the planets were not circular but oval |
| Galileo | Used a telescope to prove oval orbits, mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter, phases of Venus, and Sun spots |
| Newton | Law of Gravity and Law of Motion |
| Hobbes | in order for people to save themselves a government must have absolute rulers, may not rebel in order to presurve order |
| John Locke | Inalienable Rights/Natural Rights: Life, liberty and property |
| Social Darwinism | Superior races dominate inferior races |
| Rousseau | Wrote Social Contract. An entire society should be governed by its general will. Gov't should not allow people to follow their self interest |
| Physiocrats | Supported Laisses-Fair, gov't should leave people alone in economy |
| Adam Smith | Wealth of Nations. Govt had three basic roles: protection, defend citizens and public Works |
| Voltaire | Treatise of Toleration. God created the universe and then set it in motion to run according to its own natural laws |
| Mercantilism | Colonial powers look at their colonies as possessions to help in the mother country's economy |
| Principal of Intervention | Send troops to defeat other revolutions in Europe to maintain order |
| French Revolutionary Outburst | Charles X overthrown for a constitutional moarchy |
| Belgium Revolutionary Outburst | Revolted against Dutch Republic |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Liberal movements to establish constitutions and wanted to recieve independance. |
| French Revolution of 1848 | Universal male suffrage; workers revolt |
| Germanic Confederation 1848 | Civil unrest leads to reform; German unification failed |
| Austrian Empire Revolution of 1848 | Hungarians wanted their own legislature; Czechs wanted their own governmant; Russia intervenes |
| American Revolution | Colonists did not want to be taxed by British Parliament; accomplished the birth of new nation |
| Causes of the French Revolution | 1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates |
| First Estate | Clergy |
| Bastille | Prison in Paris, was stormed and dismantled by a mob of common people |
| Louis XVI | French king who was overthrown and executed in the French Revolution |
| Napolean | Self-made Emperor of France he led reforms, built the French Empire |
| Reign of Terror | Time period of chaos and violence in France |
| Battle of Waterloo | The final battle of Napoleon |
| Congress of Vienna | Took place after Napoleon. Redrew boundaries of Europe to circle France with strong countries. |
| Concert of Europe | Meetings between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Its objective was to avoid major european conflicts by Principle of Intervention |
| Adolph Hitler | Wrote Mein Kampf; Leader of the Nazi party |
| Mein Kampf | Nazi philosophy; build up military; expand borders to include all Germans living in other countires |
| Problems in Germany | Large Debt: repatriation, great depression |
| Japan Before WWII | Expanded into China to gain the minerals of Manchuria. Emperor Hirohito |
| Rhineland | Name of the territory in which Hitler sent troops into in defiance of the Versailles treaty in 1935. |
| Munich Sept. 1938 | Meeting of England, France, Germany, and Italy to set up appeasement policy |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist, Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 |
| Blitzkrieg | "lightning war" a war conducted with great speed and force |
| Appeasement | Great Britains policy based on the beliefthat if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, the latter would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe |
| Allies | an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy |
| Totalitarian | a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens |
| Fascism | a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
| Spanish American War | 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans |
| Paris Peace Conference | The peace conference that decided the terms of peace after WWI |
| League of Nations | International organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations |
| Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition |
| Trotsky | Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army |
| Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR |
| Karl Marx | developed socialism and communism. "Class Struggle" |
| Factory Act of 1833 | Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Outlawed child labor under 9-factory owners establish schools. |
| Tsar Alexander II | head of Russia before the revolution of 1917 |
| Ausgleich | A Compromise (made in Austria to divide the monarchy) |
| Realpolitik | Politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations |
| Otto van Bismarck | Chancellor who unified Germany; Used Realpolitik |
| Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War |
| Potsdam Conference | Conference where Truman, Churchill and Stalin complete post-war agreements. Trinity test is successful during this time |
| Holocaust | Massive slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, by Nazis duringWWII |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. |
| Communism | economic and political system in which the gov't controls the economy by owning its farms and businesses |
| Meiji Restoration | Time period of modernization for Japan |
| Second Estate | Nobility |
| Third Estate | Commoners |
| Principle of Intervention | Right to send foreign troops into other countries to stop revolutions |
| Separation of Powers | a system of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial powers are separate |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Established the idea of equal rights for all men of France |
| Napoleonic code | a code that embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religiouis toleration, and advancement based on merit |
| Cavour | Helped Northern Italy Unify |
| Red Shirts | volunteer army that fought for a unified Italy |
| Nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a nation |
| Nationalists | believe in uniting people who share a common history and culture |
| Guttenburg | Moveable type |
| Calvin | Protestant leader whose doctrine included the concept of predestination. |
| Machiavelli | a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government who wrote the Prince |
| Age of Absolutism | period of European history in which monarchs successfully gathered the wealth and power of the state to themselves. |
| Enlightenment | advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War. |
| Urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban |
| Ottoman empire | Empire created when the Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire |
| Imperialism | The extension of one nation's power over other lands |
| Opium War | War between Chinese and Britain over opium trade |
| Spheres of Influence | areas in china where foreign nations were granted exclusive trading rights or railroad and mining privledges by warlords in exchange for money |
| Rasputin | worked his way up to gain the trust of the Tsarina by curing her hemophiliac son. healer/mystic. peasant from siberia. |
| Sinking of the Lusitania | forced the U.S to enter World War I. Killed 100 american people |
| Weapons of WWI | tanks, machine guns, grenades, poisonous gas, artillary, airplanes |
| Industrial Revolution | 18th and 19th centuries when the inventions of machinery and factories changed the way people worked and goods were produced |
| Metternich System | Sought to eliminate any constitutional or nationalist sentiments that had arisen during the Napoleonic period through espionage, censorship, and repression |
| U-Boat | German Submarine |
| Reasons for England being the leader in the Industrial Revolution | England had large amounts of coal They had cheap labor Had a stable government |
| World War I became global | When the U-Boat sank the Lusitania |
| Spanish Civil War | Civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government |
| Technology of WWI | More advanced weapons, different strategies |
| Lutheranism | Justification by faith, gain salvation through faith alone |
| Victor Immanuel | First king of united Italy |
| Influence of Napolean | Formed the basis of formal military education spread enlightened ideas throughout Europe |
| Age of Reason | A book by Thomas Paine Diestic belief that there is a natural religion as well as argues for a creator-god |
| Montesquieu | A french philosopher and satirist who rejected traditional social and religious ideas by placing reason as the most important ideal |
| Causes of the Renaissance | People started to explore the world, both physically and psychologically |
| Renaissance | Focused on the revival of the classics |
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