Psych ch 2
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Falsifiable | we can see what evidence would count against it, makes clear, easily tested predictions |
| Induction | process of inferring a general principle from observations |
| Theory | explanation that fits many observations and predictions |
| Replicable results | those that anyone can obtain by following the same procudures |
| Meta-analysis | combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one very large study |
| Parsimony | stick with ideas that work EX. preference of scientists for the theory that makes the fewest unfamiliar or untested assumptions |
| Extrasensory perception | long been controversial in psychology |
| Operational definition | specifies the operations used to produce or measure something |
| Random sample | every individual in the population has an equeal chance of being selected |
| Representative sample | percentage of males and females, blacks and whites, young and old |
| Convenience sample | participants who volunteer for an experiment would most likely be this group |
| Experimenter bias | distort or mispercieve the results of an experiments based on an expected outcome |
| Blind observer | someone who can record data with out knowing what the researcher has predicted |
| Single-blind study | either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants recieved |
| Double-blind study | both the observer and the participants are unaware |
| Naturalistic Observation | carefu examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
| demand characteristics | tell a participant what is expected of him or her |
| Case history | a thorough description of the person |
| Survey | study of a prevalence of certain beliefs |
| Correlation | measure of a relationship between two variables |
| Correlation study | procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables |
| Correlation Coefficient | a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables |
| Illusory Correlation | an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated events |
| Independent Variable | item that an experimenter changes or controls |
| dependent variable | item that an experimenter measure to determine how it was affected |
| Control group | set of individuals treated in the same way as the experimental group |
| Random assignment | experimenter uses a chance procedure such as drawing names in a hat |
| Cross-cultural Study | facial expressions have the same meaning for various people through out the world |
| Internal Review Board | place to get a study approved for humans & animals |
| Animal Research | clear purpose, least amount of suffering, humane treatment, aquire animals legally |
| Human Researvh | voluntary, informed consent, must debrief, no risk, anonymity |
| Inferental Statistics | purpose is to discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population EX. .5% most likely the results are due to change |
| Central Tendency | Mean, Median & Mode -> results should all be the same to have a normal distribution |
| Standard Deviation | various scores, center=mean |
| Z Scores | unit that measures the distance of 1 score from the mean |
| Mean | negative= below mean: positive= above the mean |
| Hawthorne Effect | even the control group may experience changes. people act differently if they know they are in an experiment |
| Correlation Method | doesn't prove causation, expresses a relationship btwn 2 variables |
| Relevant Variables | test conditions, experimenter, behavior, timing |
| Confounding Variables | object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B |
| Correlation Coefficient | number that measures strenght of a relationship between 2 variables. between -1 & +1: relationship gets weaker the closest it is to zero |
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