1.
A Botanist: a biologist specializing in the study of plants
2.
Albany Plan of Union: plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
3.
Assemblies: Appointed by the people of their colonies, advised the governor
4.
Battle of Breed's Hill: Other name for Battle of Bunker Hill
5.
Battle of Bunker Hill: First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition. However, the British suffered more deaths.
6.
Benedict Arnold: United States general and traitor in the American Revolution
7.
Billy Graham: Prominent evangelical revivalist minister of the Cold War era
8.
Board of Trade: british overseer of all matters pertaining to colonial trade and laws. Nominated governors
9.
Boston Massacre: British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
10.
Boston Tea Party: protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor
11.
Boycott: "I'm not buying from you"
12.
British East India Company: Company that wished to trade directly with the American colonies
13.
Chancellor of the Exchequer: the British cabinet minister responsible for finance. Became the Secretary of the Treasury
14.
Charles "Champagne" Townshend: Who proposed the Townshend Act?
15.
Committees of Correspondence: Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
16.
Common Sense: Essay by Thomas Paine that shifts the public sentiment in favor of independence
17.
Continental Association: Created by the First Continental Congress, this was established to organize a collective boycott of imported British goods, and if that still did not bring about repeal, an embargo of American goods would be imposed
18.
Crispus Attucks: Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre
19.
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms: a document prepared by the Second Continental Congress to explain to the world why the colonies had taken up arms against Great Britain. It is a combination of the work of Thomas Jefferson and Colonel John Dickinson
20.
Declaratory Act: Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
21.
Deism: Traditional religion with Enlightenment rationalism; God is like a clockmaker
22.
Direct Taxes: Tax added to the time of purchase
23.
Embargo: "I'm not selling to you"
24.
Ethan Allen: a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)
25.
Favorable Balance of Trade: an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
26.
First Continental Congress: Delegates from all of the colonies, except Georgia, who sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
27.
Fort Duquesne: French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated
28.
Fort Necessity: Location at which George Washington was forced to surrender his entire command
29.
Gaspee Incident: In June, 1772, a British customs ship ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial.
30.
George Washington: Sent by Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie to assert England's claim to the Ohio Country. Lost badly
31.
George Whitefield: One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
32.
Governors: Appointed by office holders to be in charge of a colony
33.
Green Mountain Boys: Group that was led by Ethan Allen and captured Fort Ticonderoga
34.
Indirect Taxes: non detectable taxes added to goods. Think of gas prices
35.
Intolerable Acts: in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
36.
Invasion of Canada: U.S. General Richard Montgomery forced the British to evacuate Montreal in 1775 and invade Canada. A second force led by Benedict Arnold invaded the land by combining an attack on Quebec; however, it was a failure in that Montgomery was killed, Benedict was shot, and one-third of the colonial troops were killed or captured.
37.
Itinerant Ministers: Wandering men of God who would move about and spread their word of God during the Great Awakening
38.
Jeffrey Amherst: Appointed general of the English Army in the French and Indian War. Was an advocate of biological warfare
39.
John Adams: Who defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre in court?
40.
John Bartram: America's first botanist; traveled through the frontier collecting specimens.
41.
Jonathan Edwards: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
42.
Lee's Resolution: was an act of the Second Continental Congress declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the British Empire
43.
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer: Series of letters by John Dickinson denoucing the Townshend Duties. Inspired anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies
44.
Lexington: First blood of the Revolution was spilt here
45.
Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie: An investor in the Ohio Company who sent George Washinton to assert England's claim to the Ohio Country
46.
Martial Law: the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)
47.
Massachusetts Circular Letter: A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts
48.
Mercantilism: an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
49.
Minutemen: Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds
50.
New Lights vs. Old Lights: The _______ were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The ________ were the established congregational church.
51.
Olive Branch Petition: On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
52.
Pat Robertson: Spread his word of God through the television
53.
Pietists: Believe you can strive, through Christ, not to be a sinner
54.
Pontiac's Rebellion: A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area
55.
Privy Council: group of royal advisors who set policies for Britain's American colonies
56.
Proclamation of 1763: law forbidding english colonists to settle west of the appalachian mountains
57.
Quartering Act: Designed to ensure British regulars had adequate housing; costs to be borne by colonial assemblies. Could only come into effect during a time of war
58.
Quebec Act: Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.
59.
Rode vs. Wade: What cases allowed women to have legal rights to abortion
60.
Salutary Neglect: idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference
61.
Second Great Awakening: An event that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
62.
Sons of Liberty: Secret societies formed to protest new taxes passed by Parliament. Led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors.
63.
Stamp Act: an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
64.
Stamp Act Congress: group of colonists consisting of 9 of the colonies, who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
65.
Sugar Act: law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported into the colonies
66.
Tea Act Crisis: No direct tax on tea for the colonists, but the Townshend Act was still in place; angered many colonists
67.
The Enlightenment: a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine.
68.
The French and Indian War: The fight against the French and Indians, who teamed up, and the British. It made England lose a lot of money.
69.
The Great Awakening: This was a major religious revival in the colonies, which began in the 1730's with its leader being Jonathan Edwards.
70.
The Navigation Acts: Parliament passed laws to ensure that only England benefited from trade with the colonies, such as shipping certain products exclusively to England. Colonists were angry because they were forbidden to trade with other colonies, but many colonists ignored these laws or found ways to get around them.
71.
The Ohio Company: Name of the Virginia land speculators who had their eyes on this fertile land
72.
The Ohio Country: What land was being fought over in the French and Indian war?
73.
The Second Continental Congress: Organized Continental Army, creation of Continental Currency, and established diplomatic delegations to seek support from foreign powers after the events at Lexington and Concord
74.
The Seven Years War: The other name for the French and Indian War:
75.
Theodore Frelinghuysen: German minister who came to the middle colonies and fired up audience with the importance in saving one's soul
76.
Third Great Awakening: religious revival that further democratizes spirituality, making a relationship with the sacred attainable to even greater numbers of Americans in the 1970's-present. Used the television to help spread its word
77.
Thomas Jefferson: "Fix reason firmly in her seat and cal to her tribunal every fact, every opinion." who said this?
78.
Townshend Acts: A tax that the British Parliament placed on a variety of commodities
79.
Treaty of Paris: a 1763 agreement between Britain and France that ended the French and Indian War. France cedes control of ALL North American mainland colonies to England
80.
Vice Admiralty Courts: In these courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries.
81.
Zero Sum Game: Social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted from another person's resources, so that the total of gains & losses = nothing.
