Cambell Biology Chapter Three
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dashitatichou on September 27, 2011
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The Molecules of Cells
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic compounds | carbon based molecules |
| hydrocarbons | compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen |
| carbon skeleton | the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule (can be branched or unbranched) |
| isomers | compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangments |
| functional groups | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydroxyl group | consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is bonded to the carbon skeleton (-OH) |
| carbonyl group | a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to oxygen (>C=O) |
| carboxyl group | consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH) |
| amino group | has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton (-NH2(small 2)) |
| phosphate group | consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms (-OPO3(low 3)2-(High 2-) |
| methyl group | consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens (-CH3(small three)) |
| macromolecules | giant molecules |
| polymers | small molecules joined together in a chain |
| monomers | the building blocks of polymers |
| dehydration reaction | a reaction that removes a molecule of water |
| hydrolysis | essentially the revers of a dehydration reaction, to break (lyse) with water (hydro) |
| enzymes | speacialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| carbohydrate | a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | carbohydrate monomers |
| disaccharide | two monosaccharide monomers linked by a dehydration reaction |
| polysaccharides | macromolecules, plymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reaction |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants |
| glcogen | a different form of stored glucose polysaccharides from starch. It's more tightly branched than starch |
| cellulose | the most abundant organic compound on Earth; a structural polysaccharise of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers (linked into cable-like fibrils) |
| chintin | a structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods |
| lipids | organic compounds consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making them hydrophobic |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| fat | a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
| unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacking the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (Are not solidified at room temperature) |
| saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton (Are solidified at room temperature) |
| phospholipids | the major component of cell membranes; lipids made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head (They form bilayers when they're interlocked) |
| steroids | lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings |
| cholesterol | a steroid that is an important comonent of animal cell membranes and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones |
| anabolic steroids | synthetic varients of the male hormone testosterone |
| protein | a polymer of amino acids |
| amino acids | organic molecules containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomers of proteins |
| peptide bond | the covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| polypeptide | a polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| denaturation | a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high tempertature |
| primary structure | a protein's unique sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | the second level of protein structure; the regular lacal patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide |
| tertiary structure | the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide |
| quaternary structure | the fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits |
| gene | (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
| nucleic acids | macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
| ribonucleis acid (RNA) | a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses |
| nucleotide | a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside |
| double helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis |
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