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tissue consists of a group of cells with the same structure and origin and usually with a common function. the four main groups of tissue epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue epithelial tissues provide a lining or covering to the body surfaces; specialiazed epithelial cells make up the glands in the body basement membrane the underside of the epithelium is anchored to connective tissue by a layer of glycoproteins and protein fibers lumen the internal space of the artery goblet cells found in small inestine and are common here. The mucus they secrete enhances the digestive process and protects the epithelium from harsh digestive chemicals microvilli brush border of series of finger-like projections keratin dead cells Bowman's capsule where blood is filtered in the kidney is lined by a simple squamous epithelium connective tissues most abundant and widespread tissues in the body; the intercellular matrix, usually produced in large quantities by the connective tissue cell, provides support and protection to various other tissues and organs; it also makes it possible for the binding and insulation of organs matrix intercellular material that consists of ground substance and various proteins ground substance consistency varies from liquid to solid and contains various types of adhesion proteins and complex proteins- carbohydrate molecules known as proteoglycans collagen contain fibrous protein and provides support and resiliency to the tissue elastic fibers contain protein elastin and works with collagen to provide support and resiliency to the tissue reticular fibers same as collagen. contain fibrous protein collagen and provides support and resiliency to the tissue blast calls undifferentiated cells are actively dividing cells that produce fiber and ground substance fibroblasts in loose and dense connective tissues chondroblasts in cartilage osteocytes mature bone cells hemoblasts in blood and always remain in the blast cell stage, actively producing new blood cells fat cells specialized cells that store nutrient fat molecules and are located in the adipose tissue macrophages specialized for phagocytosis. Act as scavenger by cleaning out foreign particles, providing important defense against infection mast cells located in loose connective tissues, near blood vessels. Produce and secrete heparin and anticlotting substance, histamine, a chemical that promotes inflammation due to allergies or damages to blood vessels leukocytes various types of white blood cells are transported by the blood to all regions of the body. They can migrate in response to injury or an infection, can migrate and have roles in the immune and inflammatory response plasma cells when the body is exposed to an infectious agent, B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells which then produce antibodies reticular cells specialized fibroblasts found in reticular connective tissue important functions of the skin protection of the body from bacteria, water proofing the body, regulating body temperature, protecting organs and covering the body. epidermis is made mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithileal cells; the deepest and the most superficial layers of the epidermis are the basal layer or the corneous layer basal layer/stratum germinativum contains a population of actively dividing cells called keratinocytes. As new cells fomr, they displace the cells that are already present, pushing the older cells toward the surface, where they gradually accumulate keratin and eventually die corneous layer/stratum corneum the outmost layer of the skin, and it consists of several layers of dead, keratin-filled cells which help waterproof the body from waterloss. The cells in the keratinized layer continuously lough off as more cells are pushed to the surface dermis is the actual skin, and is made up of the papillary and reticular layer papillary layer the most superficial layer of the dermis. It is composed largely of areolar connective tissue, and directly borders the dermis reticular layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains the accessory structures of the skin hypodermis underlying the dermis. Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. Usually not considered to be part of the integumentary system; however, its fibers fibers are continous with those in the dermis sweat glands eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands function throughout life and are important for regulating body temperature. apocrine sweat glands locations are restricted to regions around the nipples, the axilla (armpit), and the genital regions of the body. These do not become functional until puberty. These actively increase in activity in periods of stress, pain, or sexual arousal. Their secretions are released into hair follicles and have a distinct odor. oil glands or sebacious glands called sebacious follicles, they secrete sebum into the ducts that run directly into the skin's surface. Sebum acts as a softening agent that lubricates the skin and hair. not found in the palms or soles of the foot. hair follicle tubular compartments that each contain a hair, the follicle walls are continous with the epidermis, and extend deeply into the dermis and the hypodermis sensory receptors two types: tactile (meissner's) corpscles and lamellated (paciniain) corpuscles Tactile (meissner's) corpuscles nerve endings wrapped in a connective tissue sheath that are sensitive to fine or light touch. Abundant in hairless regions lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles nerve endings enclosed in a relatively large, onion shaped connective tissue sheath that respond to deep pressure sensations epithileal membranes cutaneous-skin mucous- lines and moistens the esophagus for example serous-line the organs and cavities that they are in how does the thickness of the skin in the scalp compare to in the sole of the foot the sole of the foot has thick skin which is composed of five layers, whereas thin skin in the scalp will have 2 layers (the stratum lucidum and often the stratum granulossum) are absent why can medications be applied transdermally? by applying a patch that contains the medication to the skin can then be absorbed across the skin the correlation of melanin amounts in people melanin is what gives pigment to the skin and can vary between everyone. The more melanin in your skin, the darker the person is arrector pili muscles causes goose bumps from what tissue is excess fat removed during the surgical procedure called liposuction? in the hypodermis function of nails in humans protection what accounts for the pinkish color in the nail the nail bed