| Term | Definition |
|---|
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| trait | a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to anoher |
| hybrids | the offspring of crosses between parents with diff. traits |
| genes | the chemical factors that determine traits |
| alleles | the different forms of a gene |
| gametes | the sex cells |
| phenotype | physical characteristic |
| genotype | genetic makeup |
| dominant allele | the form of a trait that always shows up in an organism |
| recessive allele | the form of a trait that shows up in an organism only when the dominant allel isn't present |
| gametes | reproductive cells |
| segreation | occurs during the production of gametes, the seperation of alleles |
| principle of independent assortment | states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
| genes | the inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by |
| dominant and others recessive | when there are two or more forms of the gene for a single trait, some forms of the gene may be |
| segregated | in most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has one allele for each gene from each parent. these two allels are _____ when gametes form |
| independently | the alleles for different genes usually segregate |
| incomplete dominance | one allele is not completley dominant over another. the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes. for instance, flower colors in four o'clock plants |
| codominance | both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism. like red and white hair color in cattle |
| multiple alleles | genes that have more than two alleles, like eye color in humans |
| polygenetic traits | two or more genes control a trait, like skin color in humans |
| homologus | two sets of chromosomes that when each of the chromosomes is the set from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
| diploid | cell contains both sets of homologus chromosomes |
| haploid | cell contains a single set of chromosomes |
| tetrads | form when each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologus chromosome |
| crossing over | when homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis, alleles are exchanged between the homologous chromosomes to produce new combinations of alleles. |
| 4 haploid/genetically different | meiosis ll results in _____ daughter cells |
| eggs & 3 polar bodies | the haploid gametes produced by meiosis in males are called sperm; those produced in females are called |
| linked genes | each chromosome is actually a group |
| chromosomes | it is the ___ that assort independently, not individual genes |
| recombination rates | measure the frequencies of crossing over between genes, used in the construction of gene maps |
| principal of dominance | some alleles are dominant and some are recessive |
| segregation | seperation of alleles, it occurs during the production of gametes |
| transformation | process in which 1 strain pf bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
| messenger rna | the RNA molecules that carry copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins |
| ribosomal rna | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
| transfer RNA | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
| mutation | change in DNA sequence that affects genetic info |
| operon | a group of genes that operate together |
| codon | a three letter 'word' in mRNA, it consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid thhat's to be added to the poypeptide |
| translation | cells use info from mRNA to make proteins |
| anticodon | complementary toa mRNA codon. determine which tRNA binds to the codon on mRNA, and so which amino acids is attached to polypeptide chain |
| gene mutation | result of the changes in a single gene |
| chromosomal mutation | involves changes in whole chromosomes |
| point mutation | a mutaion that affects one nucleotide |
| promoter | binding sites for RNA polymerase, starts transcription |
| selective breeding | allowing only certain animals and plants with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
| hybridization | crossing dissimiliar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
| inbreeding | the continued breeding of individuals with similiar characteristics. |
| radiation and chemicals | name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation |
| genetic engineering | making changes in the DNA code of a living organism |
| restriction enzymes | these are used to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments |
| gel electrophoresis | process by which DNA frags are seperated and analyzed |
| polymerase chain reaction | technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
Combine with other sets
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