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Urbanization The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban Urban Sprawl The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land. Americanization Movement Program to teach American culture to immigrants Tenement A rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards Mass transit Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes Social Gospel Movement A movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems Niagara Movement A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909 Debt peonage A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer Rural free delivery Beginning in 1896, free delivery offered by the U.S. post office to farm families in rural areas. Progressivism The political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society Muckraker One who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage) Suffrage A legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution Federal Reserve System The central bank of the United States Tammany Hall A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers. Boss Tweed William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. Rutherford B. Hayes 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history Louis Sullivan United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924) William Jennings Bryan United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) H.H. Holmes First American Serial Killer Booker T. Washington Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." W.E.B. DuBois He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP. Ida B. Wells African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores Susan B. Anthony Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation Gifford Pinchot Head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them Daniel Burnham Revived classical Greek and Roman architeculture in his designs. Frederick Law Olmstead Urban planner who designed Central Park in New York, and many other such urban green spaces George Vanderbilt Biltmore Estate, many jobs and lots of $ 4 AVL, brought world class artisans 2 AVL, major benefactor Clayton Anti-trust Act New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions Pendleton Act 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons Sherman Anti-trust Act First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions 19th Amendment Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. "Cross of Gold Speech" An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. The Biltmore Mansion Asheville, NC, a National Historic Landmark with America's largest home, gardens, winery, and world-class luxury inn. Central Park Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1858, New York's Central Park was the first example of a movement to create urban parks. Columbian exposition An exposition held in Chicago in 1893 to honor the four-hundredth anniversary of Columbus's first voyage; so-called dream of loveliness; visited by over 27 million people; raised American artistic standards and promote city planning; was a revival of classical architectural forms, and a setback for realism. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.