Holt Biology - Chp. 3
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Created by:
sandovalj on September 29, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Cell Structure & Function
Classes:
Biology 1 - PHHS, Holt - Biology
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell membrane | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment |
| cell theory | The theory that statesthat all living things are made up of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, that each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific job, and that cells come only from existing cells |
| cell wall | A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell |
| central vacuole | Alarge cavity or sac that is found in plant cells or protozoans and that contains air or partially digested food |
| chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| cilium | A hair-like structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells |
| cytoplasm | The region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus |
| cytoskeleton | The cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| electron microscope (EM) | A microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects |
| endoplasmic reticulum | A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| endosymbiosis | A theory that proposes that mitochondria are the descendants of symbiotic, aerobic (oxygen- requiring) eubacteria and cholorplasts are the descendants of symbiotic, photosynthetic eubacteria. |
| eukaryote | An organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi but not bacteria or cyanobacteria |
| flagellum | A long, tail-like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move |
| Golgi apparatus | Cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell |
| light microscope (LM) | A microscope that uses a beam of visible light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object |
| lipid bilayer | The basic structure of a biological membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids |
| lysosome | A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| magnification | The increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors |
| mitochondrion | In eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP |
| nucleus | In a eukaryotic cell, biology, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction |
| organelle | One of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function |
| phospholipid | A lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| prokaryote | An organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus or cell organelles; an example is a bacterium |
| resolution | In microscopes, the ability to form images with fine detail |
| ribosome | A cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography. |
| scanning tunneling microscope | Microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light |
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) | A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. |
| vesicle | A small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell |
| Kilometer (km) | 1,000 m About two-thirds of a mile |
| Meter (m) | The SI base unit for length. A little more than a yard |
| Centimeter (cm) | 0.01 m About half the diameter of a Lincoln penny |
| Millimeter (mm) | 0.001 m About the width of a pencil tip |
| Micrometer (μm) | 0.000001 m About the length of an average bacterial cell |
| Nanometer (nm) | 0.000000001 m About the length of a water molecule |
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