1.
acutane: medication that can cause extremely dangerous birth defects
2.
aligohyrraminos: too little fluid
3.
allantois: "outpocketing" of yoke sac; becomes structural base for umbilical cord and urinary bladder
4.
amniocentesis: commonly used for fetal DNA testing and with TTTS. Used to remove excess amnionic fluid with large needle through belly button; doesn't solve problem but buys some time
5.
amnion: amnionic sac; fluid filled bubble that houses developing fetus
6.
amnionic fluid: fetal urine and amnionic fluid; fetus "drinks" amnionic fluid, sent through the kidneys, and then peed out into the amnionic sac, joining the original fluid
7.
average weight gain during pregnancy: 25 lbs due to enlarged breasts, uterus, increased blood and urine production
8.
bloody show: cervix dialates during labor (10 cm); cervical mucus expands and leaks out with small amount of blood
9.
braxton hicks contractions: false labor contractions which can occur at any time during pregnancy; brought on by dehydration, over exertion, and fatigue
10.
chorion: fetal portion of the placenta; forms trophoblast
11.
chorionic villi: contain fetal blood vessels
12.
contractions: regular intervals between contractions; intervals and time changes (gets smaller as labor increases)
13.
corpus luteum: reminant of ovarian follicle that ovulated the egg. Produces estrogen and progesterone to stop menstral cycle
14.
crowning: when you first see the infants head coming out, rest of baby comes out quickly after
15.
cytotrophoblast: the cellular trophoblast maintains singular cells
16.
decidua basalis: maternal contribution to placenta
17.
decidua capsularus: space inside uteral-barrier between uterus and fetus
18.
decidual cells: maternal endometrial cells that surrround the implanting embryo and protect it from mothers immune system
cells you lose during menstral cycle
19.
diamnionic: 2 amnionic sacs
20.
dichorionic: own placenta
21.
dilation: opening/widening of cervix
22.
dilation stage: time from onset of labor contractions until cervix is fully dilated (10 cm)
contractions: 10-30 seconds long, 15-30 mins apart
23.
dizygotic: 2 eggs are independently fertilized; faternal twins
24.
early blastocyte splitting: 5-8 days into development, resulting in diamnionic and monochorionic (70% of identical twins)
25.
early splitting: 1-4 days into development, resulting in diamnionic, dichorionic twins (30% of identical twins)
26.
ectoderm: outermost layer of gastrulation; will form the nervous system and outer layer of the skin
27.
effacement: thinning of cervix
28.
endoderm: innermost layer of gastrulation; will form the inner lining of digestive tract, respiratory, lungs, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
29.
endometrial like tissue: tissue you lose during menstral cycle
30.
endometriosus: growth of endometrial like tissue in odd/wrong places
31.
engagement: infants head rotating in pelvis and prepares to exit through cervix
32.
expulsion: time of full dilation until birth of fetus (delivery of infant); pushing stage
50 mins-1 hour
33.
extra embryonic membranes: outside the embryo's body
34.
fallidimide: medication used to treat morning sickness; disrupts limb development
35.
fetal alcohol syndrom: serious condition; small head, mental health, abnormal growth, and learning and behavioral problems
36.
Gastrulation: process by where cells rearrange and migrate, producing 3 primary germ layers (will form tissues and organs)
37.
human chronic ganatopin (HCG): produced by embryo; tells corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone to stop menstral cycle
what home pregancy tests detect (detectable 1-2 weeks after fertilization)
38.
hydrocephalus: swelling/expansion of the brain
39.
implantation: occurs 1 week (6-7) days after ovulation/fertilization complete by two weeks
40.
implantation bleeding: normal; as embryo burrows into endometrial wall it breaks blood vessels causing some light bleeding
41.
induced labor: use pitocin, an artificial form of oxytocin to induce labor
42.
intervillus spaces: spaces filled with maternal blood (between villi)
43.
lacunae: space created by wall breaking down endometrial wall and forming small blood pockets
blood pocket
44.
laser surgery for TTS: goes into uterus with laser to cut off cord/link between the two fetuses. Should fix problem
45.
late blastocyte splitting: 9-15 days into development, resulting in monoamnionic and monochorionic; very high risk (less than 1%) conjoined twins
46.
lightening: process by which baby starts to sit lower in the abdomin; occurs 6 weeks to a few hours before labor
47.
lithopedion: "stone baby" when baby dies in abdomin and the body's response is to cover it with calcium (becomes solid) Rare
48.
membrane rupture: puncturing of amniotic sac, which occurs a few weeks in advance or before labor.
Small of large depending on how much the fetus' head pushes on the sac
49.
mercury: pregnant women are told to limit intake of mercury in fish (tuna)
50.
mesoderm: layer of gastrulation; will form muscle, bone, and cardio vascular system
51.
miscarriage: pregnancy is lost; 50% of fertilized eggs won't develop to term. Often occurs early in pregnancy so mother doesn't even know
52.
monochorionic: share placenta
53.
monozygotic: 1 egg fertilized and then splits; identical twins
54.
organogenesis: forms organs; by end of week 8 the fetus has almost all organs in human body (only 1 inch)
55.
ovarian follicle: releases egg from ovary
56.
oxytocin: hormone that stimulates the release of prostaglandins from placenta, and together they stimulate the uterus to contract
57.
parturition: giving birth; which usually occurs within 2 weeks of due date
58.
paturition: initiation of labor
59.
pelvic inflammatory disease: infection and inflammation of reproductive tract
60.
placenta: organ made by both mom and embryo which provides nutrients and oxygen to fetus
61.
placental stage: uterus doesnt stop contracting; small contractions occur until the placenta comes out (roughly 1 hour after birth)
62.
polyhyrraminos: too much fluid
63.
potential problems: breech birth (baby doesn't want to come out head first) and either the head is too big or the pelvis is too small
64.
pushing stage: push with abdominal muscles
65.
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): affects 50% of babies born before 28 weeks; leading cause of death in infants.
Air sacs in lungs don't expand because they stick together
66.
signs that labor is soon: lightening, bloody show, membrane rupture (water breaking), contractions
67.
size at birth: 14 inches and 6-10 lbs.
68.
stages of labor: dilation, expulsion, and placental stage
69.
steroid injections: speed up fetal development
70.
surfactant: lubricates air sacs to prevent collapse (isn't produced before 34 weeks)
71.
syncytiotrophoblast: cells are fused together and lose membranes; becomes a multi-nuclei structure.
Secrete digestive enzymes that break into endometrial wall
72.
teratagen: harmful environmental agent that can cause problems for developing fetus: alcohol, medications, and mercury
73.
twin twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS): monochorionic pregnancy where fetus shares blood in the placenta; causes an unequal sharing of blood
74.
uterus size throughout pregnancy: starts as fist-sized organ; 16 weeks-fills most of pelvic cavity; 9 months-takes up entire abdominal pelvic cavity
75.
vericose veins: veins in the legs that bulge out; pressure put on vein may cause blood to fill up and burst vein, causing it to bulge
76.
weeks 8-38: stage of growth
77.
when does the placenta "take over?": 2-3 months and produces estrogen; takes over corpus luteum's job
78.
yoke sac: part of the gut that produces some blood vessels and blood cells; source of premordial germ cells, which become sperm or eggs later on
