ap euro middle ages, renaissance and reformation
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 absenteeism | an official not participation in benefices but receiving payment and privileges. On of the corruptions in the Catholic Church |
| Johann eck | He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519. He forced Luther to deny authority of popes and councils. |
| diet of worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. |
| philip melanchton | Writer of the Confessions of Augsburg |
| charles V | Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563). |
| Twelve articles | Representatives of peasants met and made these articles expressing their anger. It blamed religious lords and summarized the crisis of the 16th century. They complained about how nobles treated them poorly and heavily taxed them. |
| league of schmalkalden | in Northern Germany formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V's drive to re-Catholicize Germany |
| confessions of ausburg | Written by Philip Melanchthon. Attempt to compromise religious faith of Lutheran and Catholic princes- rejected by Catholic princes |
| peace of augsburg | 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler |
| anabaptists | The rejected infant baptism and believed that a person should choose their own faith. |
| john of leiden | Led Anabaptist takeover of Munster- declared it the new Jerusalem and burned all books besides Bible. Made polygamy the standard. Infant baptism became capitol offense |
| Tragedy at Münster | 1534, combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders |
| Mennonites | founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism. |
| Ulrich Zwingli | Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531) |
| Colloquy at Marburg | Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist |
| Consistory | The consistory, or regulatory court, became Calvin's instrument of power. This body was composed of the elders and pastors and was presided over by one of four syndics. It enforced the strictest moral discipline. |
| Michael Servetus | a Unitarian humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake in 1553 for his denial of the Trinity |
| William Tyndale | English translator and Protestant martyr |
| Thomas Wolsey | Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. |
| Thomas Cranmer | replaced Wolsey and convinced Henry in 1533 that he could divorce Catherine by breaking away from Rome |
| Pilgrimage of Grace | Revolt against the Church of England by those who wanted to stay with the catholic church |
| Peter Paul Rubens | Flemish painter known for his large, lush style |
| tenebrism | Painting in the "shadowy manner" using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio |
| Caravaggio | Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (1573-1610) |
| Italian Inquisitions | Pope Paul IV created papal bull that blamed jews for the death of christ and forced them into ghettos |
| Pope Paul III | Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. |
| Teresa de Avila | Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation |
| Angela Merici | founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training |
| Katerina von Bora | German Catholic nun who became the wife of Martin Luther |
| Thirty-Nine Articles | written in 1563, this defined the rules of the Anglican Church. The document followed Protestant doctrine but still accomodated for other English, except the Puritans. |
| Elizabethan Settlement | Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately |
| Marian Exiles | Protestants that fled England fearing persecution under Bloody Marry |
| English Peasant Revolt 1381 | a peasant revolt that was waged for the rise of wages |
| Lollards, John Wyclife | An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible. |
| Hussites | Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist |
| Fall of Constantinople | the Ottoman empire had surrounded the area around _______ and in 1453 it fell to Sultan Mehmed II (the "Conqueror"). It became the Ottoman capital and was renamed Istanbul. |
| Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |
| The Divine Comedy | Dante Aligheri's epic poem written in Italian vernacular |
| Canterbury Tales | written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer, English, writes satire |
| Grand Testament | Francois Villon - legacy to a prostitute, describes his faith in the beauty of life, elements of social rebellion, includes humor and rare emotional depth |
| Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408) |
| Conciliar movement | The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes |
| Signori | despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300. |
| Oligarchies | rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300 |
| commenda system | Contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits) |
| condotierri | soldier for hire. Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes. |
| Peace of Lodi, 1454 | Ends the violence between the Italian city-sates by creating a balance of power. Milan, Florence vs. The Papal States |
| Republic of Venice | Longest lasting of the Italian states because it did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon. Also one of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries |
| Papal States | some of the the most important renaissance city states in central Italy that included Rome and were ruled by the Pope. |
| Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | Only Italian city state to official have a "king". controlled by both France and Spain. |
| Charles VIII | French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first Italian war |
| Girolamo Savonarola | Italian religious and political reformer |
| Machiavelli, The Prince | This man wrote this work, which claimed that while it is best to be feared and loved, if you have to choose, it is better to be feared. "The ends justify the means" |
| Cesare Borgia | Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control. |
| Sack of Rome, 1527 | May 5, 1527 - A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac, (1526-1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy. |
| Petrarch | "Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura" |
| Boccaccio, Decameron | as father of italian prose; most consider as very much early modern |
| Leonardo Bruni | 1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods |
| Marsilio Ficino | Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time. |
| Pico Della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man | wrote one of the most famous Renaissance works on the nature of the human mind, saying that because man was created by God, they had potential for greatness, but could also choose a negative course. |
| Baldassare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier | His most famous work on Renaissance education specified qualities necessary to be a true Renaissance man; be familar with all subjects. Must be well versed in Greek and Roman classics, so they could converse, must be an accomplished warrior, could play music and dance. |
| Lorenzo Valla | On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism. |
| Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Artists | biography of Italy's many great artists |
| Pope Alexander VI | as criticism of the Catholic Church began, many people criticized that popes spend extravagantly on personal pleasure and fought wars; this pope even admitted to fathering several children |
| chiaroscuro | The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth. |
| Giotto | considered first Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro |
| Brunelleschi, Il Duomo | "Father of perspective"; the largest dome in Europe at the time (his masterpiece) |
| Lorenzo Ghiberti, ―gates of paradise‖ | baptistery Florence, Italy, 1425-52. Gilded bronze. Abandoned the Gothic quatrefoil frames for the biblical scenes and employed painterly illusionistic devices. |
| Donatello, David | a sculptor; first statue that was nude |
| Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam & Eve | Also studied the past for inspiration, he was the first Renaissance painter to portray real, nude human figures in 3D, his Fresco painting shows tremendous emotion. |
| Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus | The subject of his painting ins Venus, the Roman goddess of love, which makes this a great work of humanism since it shows paganism. He uses the contrapposto shape that Greek and Roman sculptors used ( more weight on one leg than other). |
| High Renaissance | period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-knownreligious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as leonardo, raphael, and michelangelo |
| Titian | Greatest Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings. |
| Mannerism | Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. |
| El Greco | Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614) |
| Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature |
| Jacques Lefevre d'Etables | produced 5 versions of Psalms |
| Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros | reformed Spanish clergy; Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition |
| Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel | His writings were written in French vernacular and helped unify the language. His well known writings portrayed his confidence in human nature, as he satirized French society and attacked clerical education, and argued for secular learning. |
| Michel de Montaigne | Developed the essay form. Skepticism, doubt that rue knowledge could be obtained. |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) |
| Flemish style | a Northern Renaissance Art, More detail throughout painting, use of oil paints, more emotional that the Italian style, and works often preoccupied with death |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441) |
| Bosch | a Netherlands artist who's art often focused on death and the pains of Hell |
| Peter Brueghel, the Elder | not influenced by Italian Renaissance; focused on lives of ordinary people |
| Albrecht Dürer | German artist who lived from 1471-1528. Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings. He was also the first to create printed illustrations in books. |
| Hans Holbein the Younger | German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings. |
| Fugger family | A family in Germany who had a great deal of money due to international banking, and they used there pull to patronize art of the Northern Renaissance. |
| Christine de Pisan | Began a new debate over the proper role of women in society. Europe's first feminist, and well educated in France |
| Isabella d'Este | First Lady of the Renaissance. Set an example that women should break away from expected roles, and stared a school for young women |
| Artemesia Gentilleschi | Perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era. First woman to paint historical and religious scenes |
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