| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Charles V | Philip II's father, gave up kingdom to become a monk, gave Philip the Spanish Kingdom |
| Philip II | Becomes king of Spain in 1556, wanted to expand Spainish influence, stregthen the Catholic Church, and mwanted to make his power absolute |
| English Civil War | 1642, between the King's troops and armies of Parliament |
| Absolute Monarch | a ruler with complete authority over every aspect of subjects in kingdom |
| Divine Right | God had given the ruler a throne on purpose, God chose them as the authority |
| Spanish Armada | King Philip II invades England to crush Protestants with fleets of ships with soldiers and artillery |
| Louis XIV | France King-the Sun King, reigned for 72 years his power influenced Europe to accept French customs as culture |
| "L'etat, c'est moi" | "I am the State" Louis XIV, because all power belonged to him |
| Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Richelieu | King Charles V's chief minister |
| Intendants | Royal officials hired by King Louis XIV to collect taxes, recruit soldiers and carry out policies in provinces |
| Colbert | Louis XIV's finance minister, boosted French economy through mining, farming, and exportation |
| Levee | As a way to keep rich and powerful French nobles happy, King Louis XIV distracted them with petty "privileges" like holding the king's washbin |
| Tudor | an English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor |
| Elizabeth I | Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada. |
| Act of Supremecy | It was passed by Parliment in 1534, and it made Henry VIII head of the Church of England (Angelican Church). England broke away from the pope. |
| Stuarts | After Elizabeth I died, this family inheireted the throne |
| James I | First Stuart ruler, dissolved Parliament so he could tax freely |
| Century of Revolution | Pitted Stuarts against Parliament |
| Dissenters | Protestants who differed from the Church Of England |
| Puritans | A religion that believed in the "purifaction" of the Catholic Church |
| Petition Of Right | Parliament asked king to sign this document banning him from raising taxes without consent of Paliament |
| Cavaliers | Wealthy nobles, supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War |
| Roundheads | Country gentry, manufactuers and Puritan clergy men against Charles I in the English Civil War |
| Oliver Crommwell | Puritan leader after Charles I is exectued |
| Habeas Corpus | No person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
| Electors | Seven leading German Princes who chose the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Mercenaries | a soldier who is payed to fight for another country or group |
| Depopulation | killing off the population |
| Peace of Westphalia | series of treaties for Thirty Years' war in 1648 |
| Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia, westernized Russia |
| Partition | To divide up a sate or nation, like when Catherine the Great divided up Poland |
| Catherine the Great | The next ruler after Peter the Great, husband Tsar Peter III was murdered and she took control |
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