| Term | Definition |
|---|
| anabolism | composition synthesis; builds large molecules |
| dehydration synthesis | hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups are removed, water forms and smaller molecules bind by sharing atoms; lose a molecule of water but gets bigger |
| complex carbs are synthesized from | monosaccharides |
| fats are synthesized from | glycerol and fatty acids |
| proteins are synthesized from | amino acids |
| catabolism | decomposition synthesis; breaks down larger molecules |
| hydrolysis | water molecule supplies a hydrogen atom to one portion of a molecule and a hyroxly group to a second portion; the bond between these two portions breaks |
| complex carbs are decomposed into | monosaccharides |
| fats are decomposed into | glycerol and fatty acids |
| proteins are decomposed into | amino acids |
| metabolic reactions require | energy to start |
| enzymes | proteins that increase rate of specific metabolic reactions |
| enzyme acts upon a moleucle by | temporarily combining with it and distorting its chemical structure |
| shape of an enzyme molecule fits | the shape of its substrate molecule |
| when an enzyme combines with its substrate | the substrate changes, enabling it to react, forming a product; the enzyme is released in its original form (not consumed in the chemical reaction) |
| sucrase, lactase | break down carbs |
| protease | break down proteins |
| lipase | break down fat |
| metabolic pathways | series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product |
| each new substrate is the | produce of the previous reaction |
| enzymes can be | denatured |
| energy | ability to do work or change something; cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another; involved in all metabolic reactions |
| ATP | adenosine triphospate; molecule that carries energy that a cell can use; usable energy source |
| 3 parts of ATP | adenine molecule, ribose molecule, 3 phosphate in a chain |
| energy is captured in the | bond of the terminal (end) phosphate of each ATP molecule |
| captured energy is released when | the terminal phosphate bond of an ATP molecule breaks |
| ATP that loses its terminal phosphate becomes | ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
| phosphorylation | conversion of ADP to ATP by capturing energy and a phosphate; occurs outside the mitochondria |
| chemical energy | breakdown of glucose generates; most metabolic processes depend on |
| cellular respiration | releases chemical energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use |
| 38 molecules of ATP can be produced for each glucose molecule | that is completely catabolized by cellular respiration |
| chromosomes | rod-shaped bodies in the nucleus; composed of globular hitsone protein and nuclei acid |
| globular hisone protein | gives it its structure |
| nucleic acids are composed of | phosphate groups, sugar groups, nitrogen containing base (words for recipe of blueprint) |
| watson,crick | described DNA molecule as being a spiral (double helix); like a rope that is twisted |
| ladder | rope-phosphate; knot-sugar; rung-base |
| bases of DNA are connected by | hydrogen bonds (weak) |
| nucleotide | 3 part unit of phosphate, sugar and base |
| DNA | double strand of nucleotides joined at the bases |
| 4 types of bases in DNA | Purines- adenine (A), guanine (G); Pyrimidenes- thymine (T), cyrosine (C) |
| bases form a code system for | protein synthesis |
| complementary base pairs | bases bond in specific combinations; A->T; T->A; G->C, C->G |
| s phase | DNA makes exact copies of itself during interphase |
| during replication of DNA | DNA polymorase (enzyme) causes weak H-bonds between bases to break; DNA "unzips" into 2 halves; loose nucleotides in nuclear "soup" attach to mates on half-strand; process continues until each half-strand is mated with corresponding nucleotides |
| DNA is in nucleus but protein is synthesized on | ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| DNA uses another nucleic acid messenger RNA (mRNA) | to get message from DNA to ribosomes |
| ribose is a | sugar in RNA (has one more oxygen that deoxyribose) |
| in RNA, base thymine (T) is replaced by | Uracil (U) |
| code letters for RNA | A, C, G, U |
| RNA is a | single stranded molecule |
| transcription of DNA into mRNA | DNA makes near copy of part of itself know as mRNA; RNA polymerase causes a portion of DNA to unwind and separate exposing a portion of a gene withing the DNA molecule; DNA code carried from nucleus into cytoplasm to ribosomes by mRNA |
| translation of mRNA into a protein | mRNA acts as template for specific protein synthesis; groups of 3 bases (triplet condons) code for specific amino acids, transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as a guide to position amino acid molecules; tRNA carries specific amino acid to correct position on mRNA; ribosome binds to mRNA, holds in position, tRNA releases amino acid to correct position on mRNA; tRNA returns to cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid in cytoplasm; process continues until protein is complete; protein released from mRNA; mRNA can function over and over |
| condons are | amino acids |
| translation will always start at | AUG |
| translation will always stop at | UAA, UAG, UGA; ribosome will release protein to ER |
| semi-conservative | process of using old DNA strand and new |
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