Biology of Aging Ch 3,4,7
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Created by:
LP12 on October 1, 2011
Subjects:
integumentary system, skeletal system, muscle system, and sensory system
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 epidermis | dead flattened cells. no blood supply |
| integumentary system | the skin, hair, nails, nerves, sweat glands, and oil glands |
| dermis | all living cells, many small blood vessels and nerve endings and sweat glands, pores, muscles, hair follicles, fat cells, and sebaceous glands ( produce sebum) |
| 5 functions of the Skin | 1. Protects --> from drying out, invasion of germs 2. Regulates body temperature 3. obtains sensory info. (temp, touch, pain) 4. stores energy eg. fat and vitamins 5. eliminates waste products eg. perspiration sweat |
| why is the skin " the first line of defense?" | it is airtight, waterproof, and prevents the entry of harmful bacteria |
| changes in the skin that occur because of aging | 1. loss of elasticity, and decrease in fat --> wrinkling 2. less sebum --> dry scaly skin 3. thinning of blood vessels --> fragile easilybroken 4. taut skin 5.pigmentation increase and "age spots" 6. circulation slows --> slow injury healing 7. decrease in sensory sensations |
| ABDCE method | skin lesion assessment A- asymmetry B- borders are they irregular (vs smooth) C- colour - change? is the colour different?different shades? D - diameter - has there been a change in size recently E elevation - has the surface become raised |
| Basal Cell Cancer | benign , Most common skin cancer! Slow Growing. Cause by the sun. Locally invasive translucent (pearly) papule or nodule with a depressed center and rolled edges a history of scabbing, bleeding, or not healing telangiectatic vessels may be visible |
| Squamous Cell Cancer | wartlike, bleed, hard and crusty, effects the dermis and epidermis |
| Malignant Melanoma | systemic disease, mole that changes in growth, or a change in border |
| stasis ulcer | caused by varicose veins |
| decubitus ulcer | aka bedsore or pressure ulcers that occur because of prolonged pressure on bony areas and they cut off the blood supply to the tissue, If not enough blood and oxygen is being supplied to the tissue the tissue starts to die. It is characterized by reddness of the skin that does not go away. |
| Psychological effects of aging skin/hair/nails? | have programs in place to help with hygiene. Spa's to help with dry skin. in house hair treatments |
| Things to consider when taking residents on outings - related to skin? | Wear hats, drink lots of fluids, bring layers, sunscreen |
| smooth muscle | - involuntary, walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, walls of vessels |
| cardiac muscle | -involuntary, found only in the heart |
| striated muscle | - voluntary found in arms and legs |
| 3 functions of the muscular system? | 1. maintenance of posture 2. movement - relaxation, and contraction to produce coordinator movement 3. heat production |
| muscle atrophy | - loss of muscle mass, size and strength |
| 2 age related changes of the muscular system | 1. atrophy 2. stiffness --> loss of elasticity |
| Implications of age related change to the muscular system? | 1. postural changes --> slouch --> breathing difficulities 2. decrease in speed of mobility 3. decrease in vision --> atrophy of the eye muscles 4. respiratory --> decrease in gas exchange 5. decrease in the availability of glycogen --> decrease in quick energy 6. gastrointenstinal and urinary system problems --> atrophy |
| AGE RELATED DISEASES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM | muscle cramping, myastenia gravis, bursitis, myalgia |
| muscle cramping | sustained contraction of an entire muscles lasting for a few seconds to hours. Cramping increases with age... usually at night. Possible causes: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, low blood sugar |
| myasthenia gravis | progressive chronic, autoimmune disease involving a defect in nerve impulse transmission from nerves to muscle |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa, the connective tissue structure surrounding a joint caused by arthritis, infection, injury, or excessive or traumatic exercise or effort. Sx are severe pain particularly with movement |
| sarcopenia | muscle loss, the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging. Weight training is a great way to slow down the process |
| bone tissue | protein, minerals ( calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, and iron), collagen |
| cartilage | a dense connective tissue, that is smooth and glossy |
| joints | places where two bones come together. 3 types. immovable, slightly moveable (vertebrae), and freely moveable |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system | 1. protection 2. support our weight 3. help the muscles perform coordinated movements 4. storage of nutrients 5. blood production in the long bones |
| Age related changes in the bones | 1. loss of bone mass 2. bones become thinner and more fragile 3. cartilage between vertebrae becomes thinner and dehydrated |
| arthritis | causes impairments in joint function. Causes inflammation, pain, and stiffness |
| osteoarthritis | most common form of arthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee, hip); characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
| Gout | inflammation of the joint usually the big toe. Caused by a faulty metabolism and high levels of uric acid |
| osteoporosis | loss of bone mass, bones become more porous and less dense and more fragile |
| risk factors for osteoporosis | - female - small bones - white or oriental - low body weight and small skeletal frame - cigarette smoking - alcoholism - excessive intake of caffiene - inactivity - estrogen defficency eg. post menopausal - long term use of thyroid supplement |
| treatments for osteoporosis | - regular exercise - calcium supplements - drugs eg. calcitonin - controversial estrogen replacement therapy |
| implications for working with elderly with regards to the skeletal system | - breathing issues because of changes in the chest cavity - fall prevention is key - be aware if they use a cane, walker etc and have it with them when they come to class |
| 3 main structures of the skeletal system? | 1. bone tissue 2. cartilage 3. joints. |
| increase in visual threshold in aging | more light is required to see things |
| decrease in visual acuity | sharpness of vision decreases due to changes in lens, pupil size |
| decrease i pupil size | less light can get in and be focused on the retina |
| "yellow filter effect" | this happens to the lens of the eye and it results in a distortion of colour making blues, greens, purples hard to distinguish but REDS and YELLOWS are easier scene |
| implications for age related changes in eye sight | - increase in falls because of a decrease in vision - decrease in reading ability and its pleasure - need for non-glaring lights - check eye pressure - need for glasses and regular checkups and make sure they are worn in - need for increased lighting in all activities |
| cataracts | - lens becomes cloudy, so light cannot pass through to the retina |
| glaucoma | - pressure in the eye increase and if not corrected for can create blindness |
| macular degeneration | is a loss in central vision as a section of the retina becomes destroyed. Colour vision is also effected |
| structures of the ear | outer, middle, and inner |
| outer ear | helps direct sound into the ear |
| middle ear | mechanical transmission. hammer, anvil, and stirrup, Eustachian tube |
| inner ear | - cochlea or auditory organ (nerve endings) - semicircular canals ( receptors for balance, and equilibrium) |
| semicircular canals | located in the inner ear. Has receptors for balance and equilibrium |
| cochlea/ auditory organ | - is located in the inner ear |
| Presbycusis | gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages (mainly high frequency) |
| changes in ear wax | - they become thicker, and difficult to dissolve |
| otosclerosis | the bones in the middle ear become rigid and do not vibrate properly so sound waves do not get transmitted and therefore decrease in hearing |
| tinnitus | ears may ring, whistle or buzz. stressful and distracting |
| meniere's syndrome | inner ear (the semi-circular canal area), symptoms include severe dizziness, and buzzing in the ear |
| taste | gustation. 1. number of taste buds decline 2. there is a higher threshold to activate them |
| implication in changes of gustation | 1. food lacks flavour 2. nutrition is a problem, ill fitting dentures |
| olfaction | smell |
| skin senses | touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain |
| sclera | outer layer of the eye |
| retina | the part of the eye that contains receptors of vision |
| accommodation | muscular changes in the eye |
| pupil | the opening in the eye to let light in |
| hyperopia | farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays extend beyond the proper focus on the retina |
| myopia | nearsightedness; the condition in which parallel rays of light are brought into focus in front of the retina, rather than on it |
| rod | are located on the peripheral area of the retina. 125M. dim and low light conditions. therefore just look off to the side of an object at night to see it better |
| cones | are located in the central area majority in the fovea. They respond to bright light |
| cerumen | ear wax |
| tympanic reflex | brought about by loud noise, the stapes is pulled away from the oval window, protective, decreases pressure from loud noise that might damage the inner ear |
| oval window | - when the sound is transmitted from the malleus, to the incus to the stapes to the oval window it sets fluid in the inner ear in motion |
| perilymph, and endolymph | are in the inner ear and respond to body position and acceleration |
| conductive hearing impairment | disruption in the mechanical transmission of sound eg. impacted ear wax |
| sensorineural impairment | inner ear disorder eg. prebycusis |
| central impairment | auditory pathway problem |
| osteoblast | create new bone |
| osteoclast | removal by absorption |
| compact bone | dense hard bones |
| cancellous | porous spongy bone, |
| vertebrae | cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacrum(5), coccyx (3-4) |
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