BODY FLUIDS EXAM #2
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Created by:
sstclair80 on October 1, 2011
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89 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What will be seen if a intact RBC ruptures and all that is left is the remaining membrane? | ghost cells |
| what type of environment does a ghost cell like hypotonic or hypertonic? Will SG be high or low? | hypotonic SG-low |
| what type of cell will have brownian movement of cytoplasmic granules? | glitter cell |
| what type of environment does a glitter cell like hypotonic or hypertonic? will SG be high or low? | hypotonic SG-LOW |
| what type of RBC will be seen from a high SG and hypertonic urine? | crenation RBC (cell is losing water) Mistaken for WBC |
| what is normal range for RBCs per HPF? | 0-2 |
| what is normal range for WBCs per HPF? | 0-5 |
| >2 RBC/HPF could indicate what | glomerular damage kidney trauma stones, tumors, UTIs |
| >5 WBC/HPF could indicate what | pyuria cystitis(bladder infec) urethritis pyelonephritis(kidney infec) kidney rejection |
| what would transitional epi indicate | bladder infection catheterized urine |
| what would renal tubular epi indicate if >2/HPF | tubular necrosis (something wrong in tubules) |
| true or false oval fat bodies are renal tubular epi's that have absorbed fat in the tubules | true |
| what do oval fat bodies, fatty cast, & cholesterol crystals all indicate? | nephrotic syndrome |
| if bacteria is present with WBCs what does it indicate? what does bacteria and no WBC indicate? | BAC + WBC =some type of infection (UTI) BAC AND NO WBC=old urine |
| if yeast is seen what else should also be seen in the sediment? (typically seen in diabetic patients) | WBC |
| what is squamous epi cells that are covered with bacteria | clue cells |
| what does clue cells indicate | bacterial vaginosis GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS |
| what unique protein is a cast composed of | Tamm-Horsfall |
| what helps make a cast | urine stasis (slow urine) acid environment proteins |
| what condition is associated with RBC cast? | acute glomerulonephritis |
| what condition is associated with WBC cast? | pyelonephritis |
| what condition is associated with epithelial cell cast? what else will be seen in the sediment | advanced tubular necrosis will see free renal tubular epi's in sediment |
| what is associated with waxy cast & broad cast | renal failure or extreme slowing of urine flow |
| if looking at a oval fat body or a fatty cast under polarized microscopy will show a maltese cross which is what kind of fat? | cholesterol |
| fat stains such as sudan III or oil red O will confirm what | fat & triglycerides |
| what are the 3 normal ACID crystals | amorphous urates uric acid calcium oxalate |
| what does ammonium biurate usually indicate | old urine |
| what usually forms in urine that has been refrigerated | amorphous urates & amorphous phosphates |
| what crystals does ethylene glycol poisoning cause | calcium oxalates (both forms but usually oval form) |
| what can the crystals damage if there is a lot of them | tubules |
| what can uric acid indicate | gout & seen in chemo patients |
| what is uric acid driven from | purines (FROM RNA & DNA) |
| what type of urine is the abnormal crystals usually found in? acid or alkaline | acid |
| what condition does cystine crystals indicate | Cystinuria - amino acid reabsorption defect-which causes kidney stones at young age |
| what does tyrosine & leucine both indicate | severe liver dz |
| what crystal is associated with maple syrup dz | leucine |
| what is bilirubin crystals associated with | liver dz |
| why are radiographic dye crystals & drug crystals considered significant? | could indicate dehydration or the crystals can cause tubular damage |
| what are the 3 methods of urine collection that are associated with glucose testing | fasting 2 hr post-prandial glucose tolerance test |
| what is the most common type of urine collection | random |
| what type of urine collection is the most concentrated urine specimen | first morning |
| what type of urine collection is used for quantitative chemical analysis which will show how much of a certain hormone or certain protein is secreted out | 24 hr or timed |
| what type of urine collection is used for bacterial cultures & is less contaminated by epi cells | midstream clean catch |
| what type of urine collection is used to look for cancer cells | suprapubic aspiration |
| what is the best way to preserve urine | refrigeration |
| what will happen to the pH if urine is unpreserved | increase=bac breakdown |
| what will happen to the glucose if urine is unpreserved | decrease=glycolysis |
| what will happen to the ketones if urine is unpreserved | decrease=evaporation |
| what will happen to the bilirubin & urobilinogen if urine is unpreserved | decrease=oxidation from light |
| what will happen to the nitrite if urine is unpreserved | increases |
| what will happen to the cells & casts if urine is unpreserved | decrease=disintegration |
| what will happen to the turbidity if urine is unpreserved | increases |
| what will happen to the bacteria if urine is unpreserved | increases=growth & reproduction |
| what will happen to the color if urine is unpreserved | darkens |
| what will happen to the odor if urine is unpreserved | increases |
| if dip postive for nitrites & leukocyte esterase should bacteria & WBCs be found in the microscopic exam | yes & high ph |
| if dip postive for protein what else should be postive on the dip? what should be seen in micro exam | blood (+) on dip micro-RBC, WBC, BAC, |
| if dip postive for glucose what else should be postive on the dip? what should be seen in micro exam | ketones (+) may see yeast in micro exam |
| if bilirubin is postive what else should be postive on the dip? what shld be seen on the micro exam | urobilinogen bilirubin crystals-micro exam |
| what is normal range for renal tubular epi's | more than 2/HPF is significant |
| what is normal range for hyaline cast | 0-2/LPF IS NORMAL |
| what will be observed in tyrosyluria? who can sometimes have this only temporary | tyrosine and/or leucine crystals temp-preemies |
| what will you see in a urine sample if someone has melanuria? | will start to darken |
| what will be observed in a urine sample if someone has cystinuria | sulfur odor cystine crystals (kidney stones at young age) |
| what will be observed in a urine sample if someone has maple syrup urine dz? can this be fatal if left untreated? | syrup odor leucine crystals (sometimes seen) can be fatal |
| what metabolic dz is not diagnosed until middle age? what other symptoms will arise? | alkaptonuria arthritis, liver & cardiac disorders & discolor in skin |
| what will happen to urine sample if someone has alkaptonuria | urine turns dark & ph rises |
| what metabolic dz will see diarrhea & failure to thrive in infancy & could cause retardation if not treated | galactosuria |
| what metabolic dz will cause mental retardation from high levels of phenylalanines? what is dietary restriction if diagnosed? | phenylketonuria (PKU) no ASPARTAME |
| what metabolic dz is a group of intermediate compounds in the heme production | porphyrias |
| which porphyrias is the most common and is associated with nurologic symptoms and is often confused with appendicitis | acute intermittent porphyria |
| which porphyrias causes photosensitivity, skin blisters, and abnormal hair growth patterns | porphyria cutanea tarda |
| which porphyrias is acquired and the most common | lead poisoning |
| what metabolic dz is associated with albinism & the urine will darken when exposed to air | melanuria |
| what renal dz will you see massive proteinuria & edema | nephrotic syndrom (as well as fatty cast, oval fat bodies, & cholesterol crystals) |
| what renal dz is the destruction of RTEs from shock, infections, chemical or toxin exposure & will find RTEs & RTE casts, blood, protein in micro exam | tubular necrosis aka cell death |
| what type of UTI is a upper UTI & will see bac, WBC, WBC casts, protein & some blood | pyelonephritis |
| what type of UTI is a bladder infection & will see bac, WBCs, protein & blood but NO WBC casts | cystitis |
| What are the Normal Alkaline Crystals | Anorphous Phosphates Triple Phosphate Calcium phosphate Ammunium birurate Calcium Carbonate |
| What are the Abnormal Crystals | Cystine Tyrosine Leucine Bilirubin Cholesterol Radiographic Dyes Drug crystals |
| What cast causes Renal Failure and Severe Urine Stasis? All types of casts can cause? | Broad Cast |
| What has blunt ends and notches along the sides? What disease can it cause? | Waxy Cast; Advance stage of granular degeneration and extreme urine stasis, also chronic renal disease. |
| What consist of Cells, protein or normal metabolic or cellular waste products? Can not tell if it is a WBC or RBC? | Granular Cast |
| What kind of cast that the RBC have been lysed? | Hemoglobin Cast |
| What type of cast is normally found? How many would you see in a LPF? | Hyaline Cast 0-2 |
| What causes the hyaline Cast to appear? | Exercise, Stress, Dehydration, Fever |
| What causes cast formation? | Urinary Stasis (dehydration) Increase solute concentration, acidity and protein. |
| The difference in RBC and Yeast | Yeast- look for buds and slight oval shape and vary in sizes. RBC - will lyse with 2% acetic acid. |
| How are pediatric specimens collected? | Wee bags |
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