Biochemistry
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juliatempesta on October 1, 2011
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Carbohydrates | are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom |
| Monosaccharide | a monomer of a carbohydrate-simple sugar-contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a ratio of 1-2-1 |
| Disaccharide | A double sugar formed when two monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction |
| Polysaccharides | is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides |
| Proteins | are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Amino acids | the linkage of monomers |
| Peptide Bond | when two amino acids form a convalent bond |
| Polypetides | long chains of amino acids |
| Enzymes | RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts |
| Substrate | a reactant being catalyzed |
| Active Site | a folded enzyme; shape allows the substrate to fit into the active site |
| Lipids | are large non-polar molecules (Don't dissolve in water) |
| Fatty acids | are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| Phospholipids | have two, rather than three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| Wax | is a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| Steroid | molecules composed of four fused Carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| Nucleic Acids | are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell |
| DNA | contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities |
| RNA | stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| Nucleotide | is made up of three main componets: a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
| organic compounds | are made up primarily of carbon atoms |
| functional groups | clusters of atoms |
| monomers | carbon compounds that are built from smaller, simpler, molecules |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers |
| hydrolysis reaction | a process in which complex molecules such as polymers, are broken down. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a type of compound that stores a large amount of energy in their overall structure |
| What are the four organic compounds? | lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins |
| starch | thousands of glucose molecules linked together |
| glucose and glucose bonded together | a dissacharide, and maltose |
| What is glucose and frutose bonded together? | table sugar (glucose) |
| galactose and galactose bonded together | lactose (milk, dairy products) |
| animal starch | glycogen |
| plant starch | cellulose |
| What do you add to break down glucose? | water (hydrolysis reaction) |
| breaks down starch to get energy | the mitochondria |
| What are the two purposes of a lipid? | insulation, and reserving energy |
| functional group in a lipid | aldehyde |
| isomer | the same molecular formula but a different structural formula (ex. gluctose, frutose) |
| saturated fat | where all carbon atoms are linked through a single bond in a lipid |
| unsaturated fat | where some carbon atoms are linked through double bonds |
| fats | triglycerides |
| phospholipids make up | the cell membrane |
| phospholipids consist of | A hydrophobic end and a hydrophyllic end |
| examples of steroids | tesostrone, estrogen, cholestrol |
| What do proteins do? | build and repair tissues |
| What are the physical characteristics of a protein? | they are very large and consist of C, H, N, O, and sometimes S and sometimes P |
| How do amino acids bond? | through a condensation reaction |
| another name for a protein | a polypeptide |
| fibers | long stretched out chains of amino acids |
| globular protein | linked chain, then it folds onto itself |
| What are some characteristics of enzymes? | very large proteins, can be used over and over again, lowers activation energy, enzymes are specific, |
| coenzyme | helps enzyme |
| inhibitors | can block substrates or active site |
| What differs between RNA and DNA? | DNA consists of deoxyribose and has 2 strands. RNA consists of ribose |
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