| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Sugar Act | A tax on sugar |
| Stamp Act | All official documents required a stamp which cost money |
| Townshend Acts | A tax used mainly as a punishment on New York, and to intimidate the Americans, the people in Boston started to rebel so the British sent troops to Boston and it turned into the Boston Massacre |
| Tea Act | Tax on tea implemented by the East India company in order to regain some finances because it was already paying taxes directly to England just to ship it. |
| Boston Tea Party | an act of direct action protest by the American colonists against the British Government in which they destroyed many crates of tea belonging to the British East India Company and dumped it into the Boston Harbor. |
| Intolerable Acts | Boston was closed off from shipping |
| Quebec Act | The English in Quebec were removed of some freedoms while the French were treated better |
| Proclamation of 1763 | The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. |
| 13 Colonies | The original colonies of America |
| Bunkerhill | Took place on June 17, 1775 on Breed's Hill, as part of the Siege of Boston during the American Revolutionary War. |
| Continental Congress | was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. |
| Benjamin Franklin | was a member of the Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independance |
| Lexington | the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[8] They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America. |
| Saratoga | The Battles of _______ in September and October 1777 were decisive American victories in the American Revolutionary War, resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 6,000 men invading New York from Canada. |
| Cornwallis | was a British army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and Britain, he is best remembered as one of the leading generals in the American War of Independence. |
| Thomas Jefferson | was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. |
| George Washington | led the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and served as the first President of the United States of America (1789–1797). |
| No Taxation without representation | the citizens cannot be taxed without a representative in the Government |
| Quartering Act | was used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British troops had adequate housing and provisions. |
| Boston Massacre | refers to an incident involving the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America, which culminated in the American Revolution. A tense situation because of a heavy British military presence in Boston boiled over to incite brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd. Three civilians were killed at the scene of the shooting, and two died after the incident. |
| Feudal System | based on the three F's, fief, fealty and faith |
| philosophes | the people whose ideas started the Enlightenment |
| peasants | the lowest class of people |
| tithe | a tax of 1/10th of a persons income |
| inflation | when the value of something increases |
| tariffs | a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. |
| guilds | a group of people who specialize in the same trade |
| Sun King | King Louis XIV's nick name, for he believed he was the source of all light in France. |
| Palace of Versailles | built by King Louis XIV |
| deficit | to be in debt |
| Louis XVI | Louis XV's grandson and the King of France |
| Marie Antoinette | King Louis XVI's wife, she spent way too much money and the people of France hated her |
| salons | an assembly of guests in such a room, esp. an assembly, common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leaders in society, art, politics, etc. |
| l' ancient regime | three pillars: the monarchy, the clergy, and the aristocracy. Society was divided into three Estates of the realm: the First Estate, Roman Catholic clergy; the Second Estate, the nobility; and the Third Estate, the rest of the population. |
| Bourbon | a member of a French royal family that ruled in France |
| Montesquieu | French philosophical writer. |
| Rousseau | French philosopher, author, and social reformer |
| Voltaire | French philosopher, historian, satirist, dramatist, and essayist. |
| Locke | English philosopher |
| Enlightenment | the phase in Western Civilization in which logical thought was the source of authority |
| reason | a basis or cause, as for some belief, action, fact, event |
| Isaac Newton | was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history. |
| Scientific Revolution | of the late Renaissance was significant in establishing a base for many modern sciences as well as challenging the power of the Church. |
| censored | To examine and expurgate. |
| republican | fitting or appropriate for the citizen of a republic |
| tennis court oath | was a pivotal event during the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 out of the 577 members from the Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate during a meeting of the Estates-General of 20 June 1789 in a handball court near the Palace of Versailles. |
| Estates General | the States-General or Estates-General, was a legislative assembly of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects. |
| Storming the Bastille | occurred on 14 July 1789. While the medieval fortress and prison in Paris known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution, and it subsequently became an icon of the French Republic. |
| Jacques Neckar | was a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of Louis XVI, a post he held in the lead-up to the French Revolution in 1789. |
| National Assembly | existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789, was a transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly. |
| great fear | occurred from July 20 to August 5, 1789 in France at the start of the French Revolution. Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring, and the grain supplies were now guarded by local militias as bands of vagrants roamed the countryside. Rumors spread among the peasantry that nobles had hired these vagrants to prey on villages and protect the new harvest from the peasants. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. |
| March to Versailles | the poor women of Paris still found that there was a considerable bread shortage and the prices were very high. A crowd had once killed a baker for overpricing his bread. On October 5, 1789, rumors spread in Paris that the royals were hoarding all the grain. A hungry mob of 6,000 largely working-class women decided to march on the Palace of Versailles, taking with them pieces of cannon and other weaponry. |
| Varennes | On June 1791 Louis XVI, with his immediate family, made a dash for the nearest friendly border, that of Austrian Belgium (Queen Marie-Antoinette being a sister to the Austrian emperor, Leopold II). But in Varennes Louis and his family were arrested, by Citizen Drouet, the local postmaster, who had been alerted by a message received from nearby Sainte-Menehould. |
| Girondists | member of a political party (1791–93) of moderate republicans whose leaders were deputies from the department of Gironde. |
| Jacobins | a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met |
| reign of terror | the period after the revolution |
| Sans Culottes | with-out pants, anti-anti-revolutionaries |
| Jean-Paul Marat | was a Swiss-born French physician, philosopher, political theorist and scientist best known as a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution. His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society. |
| Madame Roland | together with her husband Jean Marie Roland de la Platiere, a supporter of the French Revolution and influential member of the Girondist faction, but fell out of favor during the Reign of Terror and died by the guillotine. |
| Robespierre | French lawyer and revolutionary leader. |
| Jacques Danton | was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety. Danton's role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed; many historians describe him as "the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic".[2] A moderating influence on the Jacobins, he was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of venality and leniency to the enemies of the Revolution. |
| Battle of Valmy | also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was a tactically indecisive artillery engagement, but strategically it ensured the survival of the French Revolution. As such, and despite its minor size, it appears as one of the most decisive battles in history, as well as one of the first times a mix of old soldiers and raw volunteers were able to successfully oppose the highly respected professional Prussian and Austrian armies. |
| levee en masse | denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and has to be viewed in connection with the political events in revolutionary France, namely the new concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject. |
| guillotine | consists of a tall upright frame from which a long smooth heavy blade is suspended. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the victim's head from his or her body. The device is noted for long being the main method of execution in France and, more particularly, for its use during the French Revolution |
| revolutionary calendar | was a calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days in 1871 in Paris. |
| Directory | book containing the names and residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of them |
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