BIOL 2111 Lab Practical 1 (Just Questions)
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 List the functional ways to classify joints (articulations). | Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable) |
| List the three structural classifications of joints. | Fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial. |
| List the three types of fibrous articulations (with example). | Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (tibiofibular joint), and gomphoses (tooth in socket). |
| List the two types of cartilagenous articulations (with examples). | Synchondroses (sternoclavicular joint, epiphyseal plate between epiphysis and diaphysis), symphyses (pubic symphisis, intervertebral discs). |
| List the six types of synovial articulations (with examples). | Plane (carpals), hinge (elbows), saddle (phalanges), pivot (elbow), condyloid (phalanges), ball and socket (shoulder). |
| This is the stationary immovable or less movable attachment of a muscle to a bone. | Origin |
| This is the movable attachment of a muscle to a bone. | Insertion |
| When a muscle contracts the insertion moves _____ the origin. | towards |
| _____ is the ability to discriminate between two objects. | Resolution |
| Total magnification is the objective lens power (printed on the lens) multiplied by the _____. | ocular (power of 10) |
| What happens to your working distance as you increase the power of the objective lens? | Decreases |
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? | Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception. |
| List the four tissue types. | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous. |
| Epithelial tissues have two types of arrangement of cells. What are they? | Simple and stratified |
| Epithelial tissues have 3 general cell shapes. What are they? | Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar |
| What are the primary functions of connective tissue? | Protection, support, binding. |
| Connective tissues like epithelial cells are highly cellular, but connective tissues have what in between their cells? | A non-living matrix (ground substance and fibers). |
| What are the three fiber types in connective tissue? Which is the most common? | Collagen, reticular, and elastic. Collagen is most common. |
| All connective tissue arises from what embryonic tissue? | Mesenchyme |
| List the three types of muscle tissue, describing the nucleation of each. | Skeletal (multinucleate), cardiac (uninucleate), and smooth (uninucleate). |
| What are striations and in what muscles are they found? | Striations are obvious stripes found in skeletal and cardiac muscles. |
| Where are intercalated discs found? | Cardiac muscle |
| Nervous tissue has what two populations of cells? | Neuroglia and neurons |
| Define histology. | Study of tissues |
| List three functions of the integument. | Insulations/cushioning, protection from mechanical/chemical/thermal damage and bacterial invasion |
| The integument has what two basic regions? | Epidermis, dermis |
| This refers to the superficial fascia that normally contains adipose. | Hypodermis |
| List the 5 layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deepest to the most superficial. | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosom, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| Which skin layer is only found in thick skin? | Stratum lucidum |
| This tissue has adipose tissue which looks like a signet ring with its nucleus pushed to one side. | Adipose |
| The dermis has what two layers? | Papillary and reticular. |
| This region accounts for 20% of the thickness of the dermis and has a wavy layer which attaches to the epidermis which is superficial to it. | Papillary layer |
| What types of receptors are found in the papillary region of the dermis? | Pain and touch (Meissner's corpuscles) receptors |
| What is the significance of the waves found in the papillary region of the dermis? | Form fingerprints |
| This region comprises the bulk of the dermis. | Reticular layer |
| What structures are found in the reticular layer of the dermis? | Arteries/veins, sweat/sebaceous glands, pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) |
| What is a Pacinian corpuscle? | Pressure receptor |
| What can cause pallor? | Hypertension, fever, or embarrassment |
| What can cause jaundice? | Liver disease |
| What can cause cyanosis? | Inadequate oxygenation of the blood (asphyxiation or serious lung disease) |
| What can cause the skin to look bronzed? | Hypoactive adrenal cortex (Addison's disease) |
| What is the pigment of carrots that can cause the skin to look "orange"? | Carotene |
| What do sebaceous glands secrete? | Sebum |
| What do sweat glands secrete? | Perspiration (merocrine sweat glands), milky protein- and fat- rich substance (apocrine glands) |
| What type of muscle is the arrestor pili? | Smooth (involuntary) |
| List the components of the appendicular skeleton. | Limbs, scapula, pelvic girdle |
| How many bones are in the human body? | 206 (adult) |
| Texturally, how many bones are there? | Two, compact and spongy |
| How a bones classified by shape (give an example)? | Long bones (femur, phalanges), short bones (tarsals, carpals), flat bones (bones of the skull), irregular bones (vertebrae), sesamoid (patellas), wormian (or sutural; tiny bones between cranial bones) |
| Which of the three CT cartilages covers the epiphysis and fills the growth plate of a child? | Hyaline |
| What type of cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum and holds the trachea open? | Hyaline |
| What type of cartilage forms the intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartliage |
| What type of cartilage is found in the pinna (outer ear)? | Elastic |
| The cranium can be subdivided to form the cranial _____ and the cranial _____ (which has 3 depressions: the anterior, middle and posterior fossae). | vault; floor |
| Which cranial brains are paired? | Only the parietals and temporals are paired. |
| The weight of the skull is lightened by what structures? | Sinuses (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc.)8'yubyuyn |
| In which vertebrae exists the transverse foramina through which arteries travel to the brain? | Cerevical |
| These vertebrae have a kidney shaped body and a spinous process that is shorter, broader and sticks posteriorly. | Lumbar |
| These vertebrae have a kidney shaped body and a spinous process that is shorter, broader and sticks posteriorly. | Thoracic |
| List the components of the sternum. | The sternum is made of the manubrium, body (gladiolus) and the xiphoid process. |
| List the components of the sacrum. | It formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae and articulates with L5 and the coccyx. |
| List the components of the coccyx. | It is formed from the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae. |
| What part of your coxal bones comprise your sit-down bones? | Ischium |
| How many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges are there in each foot? | 7 tarsals and 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges |
| How many metacarpals and phalanges are there per hand? | 5 metacarpals, 5 proximal phalanges, 4 middle phalanges and 5 distal phalanges on each hand. |
| What is the function of the talus? | The talus connects to the distal tibia and sits on top of the calcaneus. |
| What is the function of the fontanel? | They allow compression during birth and accommodate brain growth. |
| Some of the bones have a protrusion which is conical and it is a growth or _____________center. | ossification |
| List the fontanels. | Anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid |
| List the sutures of the fetal skull. | Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous |
| List the bones of the fetal skull. | Frontal (bipartite in fetal skull), parietal, occipital, temporal, maxilla, mandible |
| The vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae? | 24 |
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