AP World History (Semester 1)
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tayloranne2323 on October 2, 2011
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266 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 writing | The term prehistory refers to the period before |
| language skills | The most important development of Homo erectus was |
| They had brains roughly the same size as those of modern humans. | Which of the following statements is not true of Homo erectus? |
| They were hunters and gathers | Which of the following statements is true of the inhabitants of the Paleolithic Age? |
| general social equality | Many scholars believe society based on the importance of gathering edible plants |
| accumulate knowledge and transmit it to new generations. | With the development of languages, human beings were able to |
| agricultural transition. | Instead of the potentially misleading term agricultural revolution, many anthropologists prefer the term |
| slash and burn | One of the earliest known agricultural techniques was |
| one hundred million | The mastery of agriculture led to a population explosion. From a sparse population of around four million in 10,000 BCE, the global figure rose by around 500 BCE to around |
| pottery | The earliest of the three Neolithic craft industries was |
| copper | The earliest metal worked systematically by humans was |
| land | The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is |
| "the land between the two rivers" | The word Mesopotamia means |
| Sumer | The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of |
| ziggurat | A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid was known as a |
| monarchy | After 3000 BCE all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government? |
| Sargon of Akkad | The creator of the first empire in Mesopotamia was |
| Hammurabi | What individual believed that the gods had chosen him to "promote the welfare of the people... [and] to cause justice to prevail in the land?" |
| Assyrians | The later Mesopotamian people who built a large empire based on a powerful army with iron weapons and who made extensive use of terror were the |
| Nebuchadnezzar | A Babylonian resurgence of power was led in the sixth century BCE by |
| bronze | Mesopotamian metalworkers discovered that if they alloyed copper and tin they could produce |
| Hittites | Iron metallurgy came to Mesopotamia from the |
| Sumerians | The first people in the world to use wheeled vehicles were the |
| traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, and India. | Evidence shows that the Mesopotamians |
| slaves | in Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources for |
| a strict patriarchal society | Mesopotamia developed into |
| grew increasingly worse over time | Conditions for women in Mesopotamia |
| cuneiform | The Mesopotamian style of writing was known as |
| Hebrews | Ethical monotheism was in the tradition of the |
| Phoenicians | The first simplified alphabet, containing only 22 letters, was created by the |
| Southern Russia | The original homeland of the Indo-European speakers was |
| Hittites | Horse-drawn chariots were first invented by the |
| Egypt | Which of the following societies began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after death? |
| Nile | The Greek historian Herodotus called proclaimed Egypt the "gift of the... |
| Menes | Egypt was united around 3100 BCE by the conqueror |
| Old Kingdom | The largest Egyptian pyramids were built during the |
| Khufu | _________ is the largest of all the early African pyramids |
| less powerful than pharaohs of the Old Kingdom | Pharaohs in the Middle Kingdom were |
| Memphis | Around 3100 BCE the conqueror of upper and lower Egypt founded ________, a city that would serve as the capital for early Egypt. |
| external invaders who helped bring about the end of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. | The Hyksos were |
| Hyksos | Horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons were introduced into Egypt by the |
| Tuthmosis III | The most vigorous of all New Kingdom pharaohs was ______, who led his troops into Palestine and Syria and who even received tribute from the Mesopotamian city-states. |
| New Kingdom | The Egyptians were the most imperialistic during the |
| the Assyrian empire | In the mid-seventh century BCE Egypt lost its independence and became a part of |
| a woman who ruled Egypt as pharaoh | Hatshepsut was |
| Egypt | in which of the following societies did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity? |
| arose independently | In Africa, iron metallurgy |
| Hieroglyphs | The Greek words meaning "holy inscriptions" refers to |
| Akhenaten | What pharaoh tried, unsuccessfully, to transform Egypt into a monotheistic society? |
| Osiris | The Egyptian god of the underworld was |
| modern day Nigeria | The Bantu originally came from around |
| Indo- Europeans | By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by the |
| population pressures | The Bantu probably began their migrations because of |
| Aryans | Indo Europeans who began to migrate to northern India by 1500 BCE |
| Indra | God of War and Rain |
| Harappan | After 1900 BCE this urban society began declining probably due to ecological degradation |
| Jati | Sub-castes determined largely by one's occupation |
| Sati | A widow threw herself on her husband's funeral pyre |
| Karma | Sum of good and bad in a person's life |
| Moksha | Principal means to achieve this state was asceticism and meditation |
| Upanishads | Gathering before a sage to discuss religious issues |
| Shudras | Landless peasants and serfs |
| Varna | Refers to the major social classes (means color) |
| Brahman | Universal Soul |
| Rig Veda | A collection of 1028 hymns honoring the gods |
| Mohenjo Daro | This city was laid out in a grid, indoor plumbing, wealthy |
| Sanskrit | Sacred language of the Vedas |
| Punjab | The upper Indus River valley, straddles the modern borders between India and Pakistan |
| Xia | This dynasty made one of the first efforts to organize public life in China on a large scale; established the precedent for hereditary monarchical rule in China |
| Qin | Ended the period of warring states and brought China under tightly centralized rule, new dynasty founded in 221 BCE |
| Yangshao | Neolithic village at Banpo reveled this early Chinese Society (5000-3000 BCE) |
| Zhou | This dynasty's rulers relied on a decentralized administration (iron weapons) |
| Shang | This dynasty controlled the production of Bronze |
| Huang He | China's earliest dynasties founded near this river |
| Oracle Bones | Early Chinese writing found on these (more than 2000 characters) |
| Tian | Chinese term for heaven |
| Ao | One of the Shang dynasties earliest capitals (city wall stood 33 feet high) |
| Yu | Founded the Xia dynasty |
| Tikal | Mayan capital and most important political center |
| Mayan | invented the mathematical concept of zero |
| Olmecs | First society of Mesoamerica |
| Austronesian Peoples | They established hierarchical chiefdoms in the Pacific Islands, their languages can be traced to many Oceanic languages (arrived form Southeast Asia about 5000 years ago) |
| Lapita Peoples | The first Austronesian migrants to sail out into the Pacific Ocean and establish settlements in the Pacific islands; sailed as far as Madagascar |
| New Guinea | Turned to agriculture cultivated root crops, kept pigs and chickens, was connected to Australia until about 10,000 years ago |
| Australia | Human settlers here maintained hunting and gathering societies until large numbers of Europeans settled there in the 19th and 20th centuries |
| Popol Vuh | Outlines the traditional Mayan view of the creation of the world (Finally decided to use maize and water as their ingredients) |
| Chichen Itza | City located in the northern Yucatan Peninsula |
| Rubber People | The term Olmec means what? |
| Cambyses | This Persian emperor added Egypt to the empire |
| Xerxes | This Persian emperor not as tolerant as his predecessors; invaded Greece |
| Darius | The greatest of the Achaemenid Empire |
| Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Empire |
| Persepolis | The magnificent capital of the Persian empire |
| Satrapies | Persian administrative units |
| Lydians | The major turning point in the rise of the Persian Empire was a victory against who? |
| Lydians | IDea of a standardized government-issued coinage came from the ________ |
| Achaemenid | Cyrus founded this empire |
| Quanats | underground canals |
| Marathon | Greeks defeated the Persians at this battle |
| Seleucid | After the death of Alexander, the empire was divided into 3 empires...the main one was... |
| Ahura Mazda | Zarathustra described the "wise lord" (said the material world was a gift) |
| Angra Mainyu | Lord of evil spirits |
| Wudi | Most powerful Han emperor, known for imperial expansion and centralization |
| Liu Bang | Founder of the Han dynasty |
| wuwei | Disengagement from the affairs of the world |
| Confucianism | This philosophy believed in the proper ordering of human relationships |
| Laozi | Founder of Daoism |
| Dao | Means "the way" |
| Qin Shihuangdi | Chinese script was standardized during his reign, burned books, Great Wall |
| Zhou | The literary works of this dynasty became the core texts of traditional Chinese education |
| Han | This dynasty fostered cultural unity, prosperous, followed the Qin dynasty |
| Junzi | Confucian "superior individuals" took an active role in public affairs |
| Wang Mang | Known as the Socialist emperor |
| Mencius | Most influential post-Confucian philosopher, human nature essentially good |
| Analects | Cllection of Confucian saying and teachings |
| Legalism | This philosophy returned order to China after the Period of Warring states, collective punishment, clear and strict laws |
| Xiongnu | This group was the greatest threat to the Han dynasty |
| Chandra Gupta | He founded the Gupta Dynasty |
| Ahimsa | The Jain principle of non-violence |
| Kalinga | Ashoka fought his bloodiest battle against |
| Chandragupta Maurya | The first ruler to unify India |
| Ashoka | Issued the rock and pillar edicts, high point o f Mauryan success |
| Gautama | Founder of Buddhism |
| Mahavira | Founder of of Jainism |
| Alexander | His invasion of India in 327 BCE caused political chaos that led to the eventual unification of India |
| White Huns | One of the causes of the eventual collapse of the Gupta state was the invasion of the... |
| Jains | This religious group thought all living things had a soul |
| *Helots | *They rose up against the Spartans |
| Solon | Helped prevent Civil War in Athens (promoted democratic reforms) |
| Salamis | the decisive battle of the 2nd Persian War |
| Sparta | They won the Peloponnesian War |
| Plato | In the Republic he proposed that philosopher kings should rule |
| Pericles | Led Athens during its Golden Age |
| Athens | The leader of the Delian League |
| Socrates | He believed that honor was more important than wealth and fame |
| Aristotle | The personal tutor of Alexander the Great |
| Minoan | Earliest Greek civilization |
| Dorian | Lost the ability to read and write |
| Myceanean | Fought in the Trojan War |
| Plebeian | In Rome's early Republic, this group had more rights... |
| Patricians | Upper aristocratic class in Rome |
| Tacitus | The most important early Roman historian |
| Paul | Because he was a Roman Citizen, appealed his case to Rome, later executed |
| Latifundia | These were large plantation worked by slaves |
| Tiberius Gracchus | Tribune who called for land reform, was assassinated in 132 B.C. |
| consuls | They served as the executive branch in the Roman Republic |
| Etruscans | During its early history, Rome was dominated by the... |
| Marius | Created an army of common men who were loyal only to him (general) |
| Actium | Octavain's victory against Egypt in this battle restored order to Rome |
| Cleopatra | The last of the Ptolemaic rulers |
| Augustus Caesar | First emperor of Rome (monarchy disguised as a Republic) |
| Sulla | This general was supported by the Roman aristocrats |
| Gravitas | Discipline, strength and loyalty |
| Stoicism | Most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome |
| Julius Caesar | He sought to appoint some Gauls to the Roman Senate |
| Twelve Tables | The law book for ancient Rome; uses many principles that we use today such as innocent until proven guilty |
| Gauls | North society just outside of Rome, sacked Rome in 390 BCE, later conquered by Julius Ceasar |
| Proletariat | urban, landless poor |
| Council of Nicaea | Decided that Jesus possessed both human and divine natures |
| Romulus Augustulus | The last Roman emperor in the West |
| Alaric | The leader of the Visigoths who sacked Rome in 410 CE |
| Attila | The leader of the Huns |
| Diocletian | The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by this emperor |
| Zhang Qian | The information he brought back helped lay the foundations for the Silk Roads |
| Byzantine | After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, name the eastern half that survived for another thousand years... |
| Marcus Aurelius | Smallpox claimed the life of this Roman Emperor |
| Buddhism | Spread by merchants along the silk roads |
| Antioch | In the West the silk roads terminated in this Turkish port |
| Taklamakan | One of the most dangerous spots along the silk roads |
| Xiongnu | Han Wudi wanted to line up allies to destroy what enemy? |
| Constantine | This emperor forbade the persecution of Christians |
| Peter | Bishop of Rome |
| Paul | Did the most to spread Christianity in the Roman Empire |
| Barracks Emperors | 26 generals who took power during the chaotic period; all died a terrible death except one who had a non-chaotic death |
| Caesaropapism | System whereby the emperor has a mixture of political and religious authority |
| Hagia Sophia | A magnificent domed church, later became a mosque |
| Constantinople | Important for its strategic location; later renamed Istanbul |
| Belisarius | This general reconquered much of the Western Roman empire from Germanic peoples |
| Charlemagne | Crowed Holy Roman Emperor Christmas day in the year 8000 by Pope Leo III |
| Leo III | Banned the use of Icons |
| St. Basil | Played a key role in the rise of Monasticism |
| St. Methodius and St. Cyril | Helped devise an alphabet to represent the sounds of Slavic languages |
| Prince Vladmir | His conversion in 989 helped the rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia |
| Kiev | This city was most important in the early rise of Russia |
| Moscow | Russian later began to think of this city as third Rome |
| Ottoman Turks | In 1453, the Byzantine Empire came to an end when they captured Constantinople |
| Salijuq Turks | They entered the Abbasid realm and converted to Islam (10th century) |
| Justinian | His most significant contribution was his codification of Roman law |
| silk | according to Procopius, two 6th century Christian monks undertook an elaborate smuggling operation to provide Byzantium with the knowledge to produce |
| Theodora | The wife of Justinian, who proved to be an invaluable adviser, was |
| Greek | From the 6th century on, the official language of Constantinople was |
| Greek Fire | A weapon used by the Byzantine empire, very powerful and deadly; used to hold off the Islams from taking total control |
| Theme System | a system used that gave a certain amount of land (a theme) to generals and military leaders |
| Jihad | Islamic holy war; "stuggle" |
| Quran | The holy book of Islam |
| Submission | The term Islam means what? |
| Sharai | Islamic holy law |
| Sunni | The main split inside Islam was between Shia and (what other sect?) |
| Jizya | Special head tax paid during Umayyad period if subjects did not convert |
| Bagdad | The capital of the Abbasid Empire |
| Saljuq Turks | The Abbasid dynasty came to an end in 1258 when it was overrun by the |
| Madrassas | Islamic leaders supported institutions of higher learning called |
| hajj | All Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once (what is this called?) |
| Sakk | Islamic banks honored letters of credit known as a... |
| Caliph | no religious leader could follow Muhammad, so political authority rested in the position of the... |
| paper manufacture | What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced during the Abbasid period? |
| four | The Quran, following the example of Muhammad, allowed men to have up to how many wives? |
| "house of Islam" | The phrase dar al-Islam means... |
| Shogun | Military Governor (held power in place of the emperor) |
| Samurai | Mounted warrior |
| Taizong | Energetic second ruler of the Tang dynasty |
| Grand canal | Stretched from Hangzhou to Chang'an |
| Tang dynasty | Equal field system implemented under this dynasty |
| Dharma | Buddhist missionaries translated this Indian term as dao |
| Kamakura shogunate | In 1185 the Minamoto clan established the... |
| Viet people | Revolted against the Tang and won their independence (10th century) |
| Song dynasty | In 1279, this dynasty fell to the Mongols |
| Sui dynasty | Dynasty that constructed the Grand Canal |
| Xuanzang | Helped to popularize Buddhism in China |
| fast-ripening rice | the most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Sing periods was... |
| magnetic compass | the most influential Chinese, naval, technological innovation was the... |
| Shinto | The native religion of Japan is |
| Foot binding | a technique used by women to show the male dominance; they would wrap their feet to produce deformed feet so they were unable to walk on their own; mainly used by wealthy |
| Middle Kingdom | Powerful China realm; subordinate lands by tribute lands |
| Feudalism | political and military system based on the holding of land |
| Fief | Land given to a vassal |
| justice | The Lord's greatest peacetime duty |
| Knights | Vassals of the Lord; required to fight in the Lord's army |
| Manor | The economic side of feudalism |
| serfs | worked for the lords, tenants of the manor |
| Newfoundland | Westernmost point of Viking expansion |
| Feudalism | Political and military system based on the holding of land |
| Scandinavia | Vikings homeland |
| Investiture | Symbolic act through which the lord presented the vassal with a clod of dirt |
| Battle of Tours | Stopped the Muslim advance across the Pyrenees |
| Eric the Red | Established a small colony in Greenland |
| Lief Ericson | He was the first European to reach North America |
| Khan | Universal ruler |
| Tamerlane | filled the power vacuum left by the weakening Mongol Empire |
| Osman | Founder of the Ottoman Empire |
| Shaman | Religious specialist who possessed supernatural powers |
| Ilkanate of Persia | Encompassed present day Iran |
| Khanate of the Golden Horde | Russia |
| Khanate of the Great Khan | China |
| Yurt | Large felt tents of the Nomadic people |
| Yuan | Mongol Dynasty |
| Mazikert | Salijuq forces defeated the Byzantine empire here |
| Fluid | Describes the class structure of nomadic societies |
| Kublai Khan | Twice unsuccessfully tried to conquer Japan |
| Genghis Khan | united all Mongol tribes into one of the biggest empires the world had seen; he set up a capital at Karakorum; he was a conqueror-not an administrator |
| Bubonic Plague | traveled along the silk roads and greatly affected China, Europe, and the slave trade; most thought it was safe to travel along the silk roads due to Pox Mongolia, but the plague infected and devastated many societies |
| Marco Polo | Venetian traveler, served on Kubali's court for around 2 decades, he tells stories about China and his experiences there (while on Kubali's court) while in prison and a book is written based on these stories which inspires Europe to want to know more about China and their culture- later influencing Europe greatly. |
| Mansa Musa | Made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 |
| Swahili | means "coasters" |
| Kongo | Most tightly centralized 14th century Bantu Kingdom |
| Age Grade | Group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity |
| Bantu | By 1000, most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa had been settled by people speaking what language? |
| Bananas | resulted in a fresh migratory surge in Africa, population increased |
| Zimbabwe | The "dwelling of the chief" |
| Slaves | important aspect of determining personal wealth in Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Gold | Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of its control of... |
| Axum | Christian Kingdom in Ethiopia |
| West Africa | Depended on trans-Saharan trade |
| East Africa | Depended on Indian Ocean trade |
| Iron | By 500 BC, the Bantu had begun to produce this... |
| Hanseatic League | developed near Baltic and North Sea; well-developed trade network that encompassed all major trading cities; dominated trade in grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch from Northern Europe |
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