HAP Topic 10
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Short Bone | Cube shaped, made primarily of spongy bone. Ex: tarsals and carpals |
| Flat Bone | thin, 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue Ex: cranial bones and sternum |
| Irregular Bone | complex shape Ex: hip bones, facial bones, calcaneal |
| Sesamoid | develop in tendons where there is friction, tension and stress,protect tendons, change the direction of a pull of a tendon |
| Sutural | classified by location rather than shape, small bones located w/in them |
| Fissure | narrow slit b/w adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass |
| Foramen | Opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass |
| Fossa | Shallow depression |
| Sulcus | furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon |
| Meatus | tubelike opening |
| Condyle | large, round, protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of bone |
| Facet | Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface |
| Head | usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone |
| Crest | Prominent ridge or elongated projection |
| Epicondyle | typically a roughened projection |
| Line | long, narrow, ridge or border |
| Spinous Process | sharp, slender projection |
| Trochanter | very large projection |
| Tubercle | variably sized rounded projection |
| Tuberosity | projection that varies in size but has a rough, bumpy, surface |
| Depressions and Openings | Fissure, Foramen, Fossa, Sulcus, Meatus |
| Processes that form Joints | Condyle, Facet, Head |
| Processes that form attachment points | Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Spinous Process, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity |
| Hyoid Bone | suspended by the styloid process of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles |
| Functions of Hyoid Bone | supports tongue, providing attachment sites for some muscles of the tongue, neck and pharynx |
| C7 | cervical vertebrae, smallest bodies, largest vertebral arch, due to large foramina |
| T12 | Thoracic vertebrae, longer and larger transverse processes, Connect with the ribs |
| L5 | Lumbar vertebrae, largest and strongest of unfused bones, projections are short and thick |
| Sacrum | 5 fused sacral vertebra, triangular bone, begins to fuse b/w 16-18 yrs old |
| Coccyx | four fused coccygeal vertebrae, triangular in shape, dorsal surface contains two long coccygeal cornua |
| Anterior Convex Curves | Secondary Curves, cervical and lumbar |
| Anterior Concave Curves | Primary Curves, thoracic and sacral |
| Annulus Fibrosus | outer fibrous ring of intervertebral disk, consisting if fibrocartilage |
| Nucleus Pulposus | inner, soft, pulpy, high elastic substance of an intervertebral disk |
| Body of Vertebra | thick, disk-shaped anterior portion, weigh-bearing |
| Arch of Vertebra | two thick processes that project posteriorly from the vertebral body and then unite with the flat laminae |
| Pedicles | two, short, thick processes that project dorsally, connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch (connected anteriorly to the vertebral body) |
| Laminae | two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch |
| Vertebral Notches | superior and inferior indentation |
| Spineous Process | projects posteriorly from junctions of laminae |
| Superior Articulating Process | articulate w/ the two inferior processes of the vertebra above |
| Inferior Articulating Processes | articulate w/ the two superior articular processes of the vertebra |
| Costal Facets | articular surfaces for the ribs |
| Vertebrocostal joints | articulations b/w vertebra and the ribs |
| Sacral Ala | posterior surface of sacrum |
| Coccygeal Cornua | pedicles and superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra |
| Manubrium | Superior part of sternum, articulates with the costal cartilages of the 1st and 2nd ribs |
| Body | largest part of the sternum, articulates with 2nd-10th ribs |
| Xiphoid process | smallest, inferior portion of sternum |
| Sternal Angle | junction of the manubrium and body |
| Suprasternal Notch | depression on the superior surface |
| True Ribs | first 7 have direct attachment to sternum by hyaline cartilage |
| False Ribs | 8-12th pair of fibs, costal cartilage connects indirectly to the sternum |
| Floating Ribs | 11-12th pair, costal cartilages don't attach at all, only attach to thoracic vertebrae |
| Scoliosis | most common of abnormal curvature, lateral bending of vertebral column |
| Signs of Scoliosis | uneven shoulders, waist, one shoulder blade more prominent than the other, hip bone higher than the other |
| Treatment of Scoliosis | back brace, physical therapy, chiropractic care, surgery |
| Kyphosis | increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column that produces a hunchback look |
| Lordosis | increase in the lumbar curvature of the back, may result in increase weight, poor posture, rickets, osteoporosis, and tuberculosis of the spine |
| Fractures of Vertebral Column | typically involve c1,c2,c4-t7 result from a flexion compression type of injury |
| Hyo-glossal Muscles | hyoid +tongue muscles |
| Bi-pedalism | source of a lot of musculoskeltal disorders due to imbalance, compression |
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