Anatomy 2: Exam 1: Part 2
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pulmonary Valve | Sounds heard in intercostal space at left sternal margin. |
| Mitral valve | Sounds heard over heart line with middle of clavicle. |
| Tricuspid valve | Sounds heard typically in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space. |
| Blood Flow is controlled entirely by | Pressure changes. |
| Blood flows down a | Pressure gradient through any available opening. |
| Blood is dependent on | -Properly functioning valves -Conduction system working correctly -Healthy heart muscle tissue. |
| Cardiac output (CO) | Heart rate (HR)xStroke volume (SV). |
| Preload | Degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract (critical factor controlling SV, according to Frank Sterling Law of Heart). |
| Stroke volume is affected by | Venous return. |
| Contractility | Increases SV, lowers ESV. |
| Stroke volume is affected by | Increased sympathetic stimulation and chemicals. |
| Afterload | Back pressure exerted by arterial blood. |
| High blood pressure | Blood backs up, increased ESV and reduced stroke volume. |
| Homeostatic Imbalances | -Coronary Atherosclerosis -Hypertension -Multiple myocardial infartions (MI's) -Hypovolemic shock |
| Ischemia | Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen. |
| Infarction | Death of heart muscle cells |
| Fibrillation | Rapid and irregular or out of phase contraction of heart muscle cells. |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer. |
| Ventricular tachycardia | Rapid ventricular contractions that are not coordinated with atrial activity. |
| 1st age related changes | Sclerosis and thickening of the valve flaps, producing heart murmurs. |
| 2nd age related changes | Decline of cardiac reserve decline in maximum heart rate. |
| 3rd age related change | Fibrosis of cardiac muscle, becoming stiffer and impeding nerve conduction. |
| 4th age related change | Atherosclerosis- Formation of lipid deposits on artery walls. |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | Clogged arteries impairs blood and oxygen delivery to the heart, heart becomes hypoxic and contract ineffectively. |
| Persistent Hypertension | Aortic diastolic pressure > 90mm Hg causes myocardium to work harder, ESV rises. |
| Multiple myocardial infarts | Dead heart cells replaced by noncontractile fibrous (scar) tissue. |
| Failure can occur on either side | Right and left. |
| Right side heart failure | Backs up in peripheral system producing congestion. |
| Left side failure | Backs up in lungs, producing pulmonary congestion, or even pulmonary edema. |
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