Genetics - DNA Damage and Repair
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 thymine dimers | This is a type of damage often caused by ultraviolet radiation. directly effects DNA; then RNA and proteins, repaired by photoreactivation with photolyase in prokaryotes and excision in eukaryotes |
| xeroderma pigmentosa | Disordered nucleotide excision repair, sensitivity to all 3 UV lights, sun burns, skin cancer |
| mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides |
| Base excision repair | repairs single mismatches before replication, glycosylase flips out looking for mismatch, removes base, endonuclease cuts at AP site, DNA pol fills in, ligase seals |
| nucleotide excision repair | The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
| daughter strand gap repair | If damaged DNA is not fixed before it is replicated, polymerase will leave a gap and taking DNA from the other parental strand, this is a recombination event and involves Rec proteins |
| SOS signal | initiated by RecA which cleaves LexA and prevents repressing of the repair regulon |
| E. coli methylation | EcoR sites to prevent exonuclease degradation |
| eukaryotic methylation | methylated cytosines are not transcribed, also used for imprinting which silences and unwanted allele |
| homologous recombination and gene conversion | occur during first meiotic prophase, involves the Rec and Ruv families of proteins |
| Cis-acting regulatory elements | regulatory gene sequence,are part of gene |
| trans acting elements | Proteins that bind to cis-acting elements |
| RAG1 and 2 | have splicing abilities that add to variation |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that is parasitic in bacteria |
| lysogenic cycle | host lives |
| Lytic cycle | host dies |
| Eclipse phase | period between addition of virus and the appearance of assembled virus progeny inside the cell |
| Maturation phase | when new phage are assembled and phage encoded lysozyme, which destroys the host cell wall |
| Lambda bacteriophage | can do lytic and lysogenic |
| Prophage | phage DNA incorporated into host DNA |
| plus sense RNA virus | infectious and acts as mRNA when it is translated by the host ribosomes |
| minus sense RNA virus | have there own RNA polymerases to make (+) sense mRNA |
| pol gene | Polymerase, codes for reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease |
| gag gene | HIV DNA segment that codes for capsid and matrix proteins |
| env gene | HIV DNA segment that codes for gp 120 and gp41 |
| proto-onco genes | Regulates and promotes cell division/growth. When mutated it becomes an oncogene, which causes unregulated massive cell growth |
| c-onc | Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. |
| v-onc | Products of viral oncogenes, most commonly retroviral oncogenes. |
| Epigenetics | the study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function |
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