| Term | Definition |
|---|
| respiratory surface | the thin, moist part of an animal where oxygen from the environment diffuses into living cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out to the surrounding environment, must be in contact with an environmental source of oxygen and must be large enough to take in oxygen for every cell in the body. oxygen and carbon dioxide must be in a solution to diffuse |
| unicellular respiration | diffusion takes place directly between the cell and the environment |
| multicellular respiration | diffusion occurs via a specialized respiratory system and usually a circulatory system in order to transport the gases to the cells, which are not all in direct contact with the environment |
| gas exchange by diffusion | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment, direction of diffusion determined by the concentration gradient |
| 21 percent | concentration of oxygen in air |
| 5 percent | concentration of oxygen in water |
| hemoglobin | the respiratory pigment in humans that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within red cells, readily combines with oxygen |
| respiration in protists | simple diffusion |
| respiration in earthworms | oxygen in soil diffuses through the moist skin (respiratory surface) into the capillaries where it bonds with hemoglobin and enters body cell for repiration. carbon dioxide exits into capillaries and leaves through the skin |
| respiration in grasshoppers | a system of branching tubes are used instead of to carry out diffusion between body cells and air sacs. air enters and leaves through spiracles located in the abdomen and goes to the tracheal tubes to fluid filled airsacs (respiratory surface) |
| how to drown a grasshopper | submerging the abdomen in water |
| respiration in fish | water flows in through mouth, flows over gills, dissolved oxygen in water diffuses across the membrane into the , transports oxygen to heart and body cells, gas exchange occurs, deoxygenated and carbon dioxide travel back to gills, carbon dioxide diffuses out gills and into the water, continuous flow of water must be present over the gills, gills can extract 80 percent of oxygen in water |
| nose | moistens and warms the air due to rich supply of capilaries, hair filters the air and produces mucus |
| pharynx | behind mouth cavity, common passageway for food and air, where the digestive and respiratory systems meet |
| larynx | cartilage voice box that contains no vocal cords |
| trachea | six inch long one inch wide tube for air |
| bronchi | two cartilage ringed tubes that lead into each lung |
| bronchioles | fine tubes that branch from the bronchi within the lungs |
| alveoli | clusters of air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs in humans |
| diaphragm | the sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, contractions expand the chest cavity while relaxation reduces it |
| inhalation | active process, muscles need to contract, ribs move out and up, diaphragm moves down, size of chest cavity increases |
| exhalation | passive process, brain triggers muscle contractions, ribs move in and down, diaphragm moves up, size of chest cavity decreases |
| negative pressure breathing | a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs |
| hiccup | a sudden contraction of the diaphragm |
| wind knocked out of you | diaphragm shock |
| chemoreceptors | receptors in arteries that are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels and send messages to the brain |
| carbon dioxide | produced during cellular respiration, 67 percent transported as a bicarbonate ion, 25 percent bonds with hemoglobin, 8 percent dissolves in plasma |
| carbon monoxide poisoning | hemoglobin is more attracted to carbon monoxide molecules than to oxygen molecules interfering with cellular respiration and the delivery of oxygen to body cells |
| cyanosis | low in oxygen |
| iron deficiency anemia | a condition in which the body is defficient in iron, usually caused by heavy bleeding, lack of hemoglobin, and low iron in diet |
| hyperventilating | taking several deep breaths so rapidly that the carbon dioxide level in the is reduced, causing the breathing control centers to temporarily shut down breathing movements |
| emphysema | a disease that causes alveoli to disintigrate, reducing the lungs' ability to exchange gases and causing breathlessness and constant fatigue |
| epithelial | an extremely delicate sheet of tightly packed cells lining organs and cavities |
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