Plant and Soil 1213
About this set
Created by:
horsecraz024 on October 3, 2011
Subjects:
plants, soil, crops, crop rotation
Description:
The second test
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171 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Agroecosystem | A community of selected plants and/or animals interacting within an environment that is managed by humans |
| Cash Crops | crops produced in large quantities to be sold or traded |
| Examples of Cash Crops | Corn, soybeans, wheat, and canola |
| Agronomic Crop Categories | Cash Crops, Cover Crops, Companion Crops, and Trap Crops |
| Green Manures | When cover crops are tilled into the soil while they are still alive. |
| Agroecosystems have what 3 things? | Limited diversity, constant disruption, Nutrient losses replaced with external inputs |
| Alleopathy | When a plant produces a chemical that is harmful to another plant |
| Alley Cropping | A system in which one crop is planted in the open of another |
| Example of Alley cropping | Squash with corn, forage in a pecan grove |
| Cover cropping | Planting a crop after the harvest of a cash crop and before planting another |
| Cover Crops | planting crops immediately after harvest to protect/hold soil |
| Examples of Cover Crops | Winter wheat, winter rye, alfalfas, and clovers |
| Cereal Crops | Grass crops that are grown for their edible seed |
| Examples of Cereal Crops | Maize, Wheat, Rice |
| What are Cereal Crops high in? | Carbohydrates |
| Long-day plant | A plant that needs short periods of darkness before it can bloom |
| Meristem | Areas in the plant where cells are dividing and enlarging rapidly, resulting in plant growth |
| Photoperiodism | response of plants to periods of light and darkness |
| Photosynthesis | process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| Companion Crops | Crops that are planted in the same field so that they will benefit from each other |
| Examples of Companion Crops | Wheat and Alfalfa; Corn with beans or squash |
| Oil Crops | Oils are extracted and used for food and industrial purposes |
| Examples of Oil Crops | Soybeans, peanuts, maize, canola, sunflower |
| What is different about Oil crops? | They have different fatty acid profiles |
| Physiological Maturity | When the Plant stops depositing energy into seeds; the plant reaches maximum dry weight |
| Which comes first physiological maturity or harvest maturity? | Physiological |
| Cross pollination | when the pollen from one plant is used to fertilize another plant |
| Pulse Crops | legumes that are harvested for their edible seed |
| Examples of Pulse Crops | Soybeans, Field Beans, Chickpeas |
| What are Pulse crops high in? | Lipids and Protein |
| Why is it helpful to use the scientific names? | Precise Communication, Identify Relationships |
| Root and Tuber Crops | Below Ground storage organs that are harvested for food and feed |
| Examples of Root and Tuber Crops | Potatoes, Sweet potatoes, Cassava, Beet |
| What are Root and Tuber Crops high in? | Carbohydrates |
| Self-pollination | Pollen and ovule are from the same plant |
| Pollination | transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma |
| Respiration | The conversion of sugars, and O2 to ATP, water, and CO2 |
| Characteristics of the Malvaceae Family | Often native to tropical or Subtropical regions |
| Examples of the Malvaceae Family | Cotton, Kenaf, Okra |
| Turgor Pressure | The outward pressure in a cell; created as the vacuole takes in and solutes and water |
| Characteristics of the Fabaceae Family | Legumes that are harvested for their edible seed |
| What are plants from the Fabaceae Family important? | They are important sources of dietary protein for humans and livesotck |
| What do plants from the Fabaceae family do? | Fix nitrogen |
| Examples of the Fabaceae family | Soybeans, peanuts, clovers, and alfalfa |
| What are the Industrial Crop categories? | Cereal, Oil, Pulse, Root and Tuber, Forage, Bioenergy, Fiber |
| Senesence | Not just death;regulated by hormones and/or environmental factors; involves recovering the nutrients stored in old tissues. |
| Short-day plants | Plants that flower when exposed to long periods of darkness |
| Sink | Place where photosynthates are stored |
| Characteristics of the Poaceae Family | Most agronomically important family of flowering plants; grasses |
| Examples of the Poaceae Family | Bermuda grass, wheat, maize, sorghum aka milo |
| Warm-season crop | Begin growing in late spring and grow until the temperatures being to cool; likely to be injured by low temperatures |
| Variety | A group of similar plants that can be distinguished from others in the species based on appearance or agronomic preformance |
| Winter Annual | Planted in the autumn, flowers in the spring |
| Day-neutral Plant | A plant whose flowering is not affected by photoperiod. |
| Determinate plant | A plant that stops vegetative growth once reproductive growth begins |
| Plant Taxonomy | identify, naming and classifying plants |
| Source | Place in the plant where photosynthates are produced |
| Crop Rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year |
| Double Cropping | Growing two cash crops on the same land in a single year |
| Fallow | Land that is not planted and is maintained free of vegetative material |
| Interspecific Competition | Competition between different species |
| Summer Annual | Planted in the spring, flowers in the autumn |
| Perennial | Grows year after year without re-establishing from seed |
| Examples of a Perennial | Johnsongrass, bermuda, Alfalfa, Cotton |
| Subspecies | A subdivision od species |
| Hybrid | The First generation of a cross of two individual plants that are genetically different |
| Monocot | one cotyledon, normally grasses |
| Examples of a Monocot | Onions, grasses, lilies |
| 5 factors of Crop Development | Germination, emergence, Vegetative growth, Reproductive growth, senesence |
| Dormancy | A condition in some seeds that prevents germination-even when all germination requirements are met |
| Intraspecific Competition | competition between members of the same species |
| Lebig's Law of the Minimum | The most limiting factor determines the yield potential of a given plant in a given environment |
| Vernalization | The process of inducing flowering by meeting a requirement of exposure to cold temps for a given amount of time |
| Yield | Output per unit area during a growing season |
| PLant growth | increase in cell size or # |
| What causes plant growth | Cell size being increased, cell # being increased |
| Economic Yield | Amount of usable plant matter |
| Epigeal emergence | The cotyledons are above ground |
| Inputs of Light dependent reactions | Water, Light |
| Outputs of light dependent reactions | O2, NADPH, ATP |
| Mixture Cropping | Growing different species or multiple varieties of a crop in the same field |
| Fertilization | formation of the zygote |
| Germination | The process of resuming growth in a seed; ends with the emergence of the raidicle |
| Growth | can be vegetative or reproductive |
| Monoculture | a one crop in a field at a time |
| Polyculture | Planting multiple crops in the same field |
| Cultivar | Internationally accepted term for a variety |
| Dicot | two cotyledons |
| Strip cropping | planting in strips across the field |
| Vegetative Growth | The phase of growth during which the shoot tissue of a plant increases in volume: leaves and stems |
| Reproductive Growth | The growth phase during which flowers are formed and seeds are produced |
| Harvest Index | Eco/bio; the proportion of the crop that is usable |
| Harvest Maturity | The moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing and storage |
| Inputs of light independent reactions | ATP, NADPH, CO2 |
| Outputs of Light independent reactions | ADP, NADP, C6H12O6 |
| Translocation | Takes place in the phloem, it is the transportation of sugars and other molecules through the phloem from sources to sinks; it also requires energy |
| Hypogeal Emergence | The cotyledons are below ground |
| Indeterminate Plant | Plant that continues vegetative growth during reproductive growth |
| Transpiration | occurs in the xylem; transports water throughout the entire plant (roots--> leaves& stems-->atmosphere); run by water potential |
| Cool Season Crop | Begins growing in the autumn or early spring, and is often tolerant of frost and reaches maturity mid-summer |
| Examples of Cool season crops | Wheat, Tall fescue, canola |
| Cotyledon | seed leaf |
| Trap Crops | Crops that are planted to attract specific pests |
| Example of a Trap Crop | Horseradish planted with potatoes to attract colorado potato beetle |
| Biennial | Complete life cycle in 2 growing seasons; 1st year leaves only and the 2nd year flowers (bolt) |
| Examples of Biennial Crops | Carrots, onions, sugar beets |
| Plant development | The process of changing that occurs as the plant matures and responds to its environment |
| What are the 3 factors that regulate plant development? | Light Exposure, Temperature Requirements, and Energy Accumulation |
| What are the 5 stages of plant development? | 1. Germination 2. Emergence 3. Vegetative Growth 4. Reproductive Growth 5. Senescence |
| What are some differences between natural ecosystems and agroecosystems? | Agroecosystems: limited diversity, more management, more disruptions Natural Ecosystems: More diversity, less management, and less disruptions |
| What are some yield limiting factors? | Abiotic: Crop variety, hybrid Biotic: available water/nutrients Cultural Factors: planting time, depth |
| What are the 2 important factors for enhancing the stability and sustainability of agroecosystems? | Equilibrium and Diversity |
| Soil structure | The arrangement of soil particles into groups |
| Soil texture | The relative proportion of various sizes of soil particles |
| Soil Tilth | This is a function of structure, texture, fertility, and organic matter |
| Soil water potential | The amount of water available for a plant to use |
| Soil development | Soil develops as a result of the combined effect of climate and organisms acting on parent material as influenced by topography over time |
| Axillary meristem | found at the node of a plant, forms new branches and flowers |
| Biological yield | The total amount of dry matter present at harvest; includes all plant parts |
| Biomass | Organic matter produced in a given location at a given time |
| Soil Organic Matter | The residues of plants, animals, and microorganisms broken down over time |
| Soil Horizon | A layer of soil parallel to the surface differing from the soil above and below |
| Soil | A dynamic natural body composed of minerals and organic material and living organisms in which plants grow |
| Forage Crops | Crops that produce large amounts of vegetative matter that is used for feed |
| Examples of Forage Crops | Alfalfa, peanut, maize, canola, sunflower |
| What type of crops is important in ruminant production? | Forage Crops |
| Fiber Crops | Used to produce textiles for clothing and manufacturing purposes; some are harvested for fibers around the seed, other fibers are harvested from the bark or leaves |
| Examples of Fiber crops | Cotton, Kenaf, Flax |
| Bioenergy Crops | Bioenergy crops are used for their potential to be used for biofeul production |
| Examples of oil Bioenergy crops | Soybeans, jatropha |
| Examples of Carbohydrate Bioenegry Crops | Corn, switchgrass |
| What are the two types of Bioenergy crops? | Oil, Carbohydrates |
| Intercalary Meristem | Functions like a telescope, responsible for pushing the apical meristem up away from the soil |
| Lateral Meristem | Helps the stem grow in diameter |
| Energy Accumulation | In order for a plant to move from one stage of development to the next, they must accumulate a certain amount of energy (heat) |
| What is the unit measurement of heat accumulation? | GDD |
| GDD formula | [(Tmin+Tmax)/2]-Tbase |
| How does photperiodism effect plants? | they have to have a certain period of darkness to flower |
| How do cold temps affect development? | Plants need to be in cold temps to flower or to start or stop germination |
| Macropore | space between aggregates |
| Node | Where the branch meets the stem |
| Internode | space between nodes |
| Chloroplast | organelle that contains the chlorophyll |
| micropore | space between particles |
| What are the two Agroecosystem interactions? | Competition and Herbivory |
| What are the benefits of crop rotation | Pest Control, Reduce Fertilizer inputs, Improve Soil Quality |
| Chlorophyll | Located on the granum inside the chloroplast; absorbs sunlight |
| Apical Meristem | The very top of the plant where new growth is formed |
| Yield Potential | The maximum production capacity of a crop |
| Bulk Density | Dry mass/ volume |
| Ped | Groups into which soil articles are arranged |
| Soil water content | amount of water a soil can hold |
| What are the soil horizons | ABCR |
| A Horizon | Topsoil, where the most crop production occurs |
| B horizon | 1st subsoil; less weathered horizon where materials such as clay accumulate |
| C horizon | Unconsolidated parent material |
| R Horizon | Consolidated rock |
| What does High Bulk density do? | Makes root growth and tillage difficult |
| Soil Aeration | the process if exchanging gasses between the soil and the atmosphere |
| What are the primary producers? | Plants or Crops |
| Who are the consumers? | Animals, and humans |
| What are the decomposers? | Microorganisms located in the soil |
| What soil particle is the largest? | Sand |
| What soil particle is the smallest? | Clay |
| T or F: The more negative the soil water potential, the harder the plant has to work to get water. | True |
| What are the plants from the Poaceae family harvested for? | Their edible seeds |
| What are plants from the Fabaceae family harvested for? | edible seed |
| What is Solanaceae family high in? | Alkaloids, which can be harmful or poisonous |
| What is the Brassicaceae family high in? | Sulfur |
| What is the Asteraceae know for? | It is the largest family of flowering plants |
| Where are plants from Asteraceae family most commonly found? | temperate regions |
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