| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Scientific Revolution | a period of great scientific change and discovery from the 15th through the 17th centuries |
| Galileo | this person studied stars and planets through a telescope |
| Leeuwenhoek | this person used a microscope to study the world in a drop of water |
| Linnaeus | this person classified all living things on earth with his system |
| Microscope | this instrument was used by Leeuwenhoek to study the tiny world in a drop of water |
| Telescope | an invention used by Galileo to observe Jupiter |
| Industrial Revolution | a period of great change in which machines were built which replaced the work of humans and animals |
| Factories | machines that are grouped or pooled together |
| water | first method of providing power to factories |
| power | the energy to produce work from machines |
| England | country where the Industrial Revolution began/"workshop of the world" |
| labor force | a need for workers |
| capitalism | the term for an economic system with privately owned businesses |
| French Revolution | "a sudden change" that began July 14, 1789 with the storming of the Bastille |
| 3rd Estate | lowest class in France; paid almost all the taxes |
| Louis XVI | the King of France when it became a republic; he was found guilty of treason & beheaded |
| Marie Antoinette | Wife of King Louis XVI of France who was also beheaded |
| Bastille | the Paris prison that became symbolic of the French Revolution |
| Paris Prison | another name for the Bastille |
| July 14, 1789 | date of storming of the Bastille prison |
| Nationalism | pride in ones country |
| Reign of Terror | 17,000 people executed |
| Guillotine | the execution machine of the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | became emperor of France after the French Revolution |
| Russian Revolution | the overturning of the Russian monarchy |
| Mongols | this group ruled Russian from 13th till 15th century |
| Czar | a term that refers to a leader of Russia |
| Ivan the Terrible (IV) | first czar of Russia |
| serfs/peasants | those people worked the land in Russia |
| Peter the Great (Peter I) | czar who built "window on the west" (St. Petersburg), loved modern European ways |
| St. Petersburg | Capital built by Peter the Great |
| "Window on the west" | the nickname for St. Petersburg |
| Catherine the Great | the Russian ruler that expanded Russia in late 1700s |
| Alexander II | in 1861 he granted freedom to the serfs in Russia |
| Bloody Sunday | the event in which workers were shot down by the government troops when trying to present their list of demands (important event in the Russian Revolution) |
| Nicholas II | czar that was forced to give up control. This was the Russian Revolution |
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