Phonetics Exam 1
About this set
Created by:
hannahhunt1 on October 4, 2011
Subjects:
ramsey, phonetics, ipa, phonology, uncg, speech, pathology, communication sciences and disorders
Description:
Speech systems, rudimentary IPA
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 /t/ | voiceless alveolar stop |
| /p/ | voiceless bilabial stop |
| /b/ | voices bilabial stop |
| /d/ | voiced alveolar stop |
| /k/ | voiceless velar stop |
| /g/ | voiced velar stop |
| flap (fish hook shape) | voiced alveolar consonant in "ladder" or "cradle" |
| /s/ | voiceless alveolar fricative |
| /S/ | voiceless palatal fricative |
| /z/ | voiced alveolar fricative |
| /f/ | voiceless labiodental fricative |
| greek letter (d-shaped with line) | voiced interdental fricative |
| greek letter theta (circle with line) | voiceless interdental fricative |
| /3/ | voiced palatal fricative |
| /h/ | voiceless glottal fricative |
| /tS/ | voiceless palatal affricate |
| /d3/ | voiced palatal affricate |
| /m/ | voiced bilabial nasal |
| /n/ | voiced alveolar nasal |
| greek letter (n-shaped with tail) | voiced velar nasal |
| /j/ | voiced palatal glide |
| /w/ | voiced bilabial glide without aspiration |
| /M/ | voiced bilabial glide with aspiration |
| /r/ | rhotic liquid |
| /l/ | lateral liquid |
| glottal (question mark without dot) | voiceless stop that taked place in glottis, uncommon in English |
| stop | complete closure of vocal tract, air flow stops, pressure builds and releases |
| fricative | narrow constriction where air escapes with continuous noise |
| nasal | sound energy resonates in nasal cavity, always voiced |
| glide | semi-vowels, movement of articulators from constricted to open |
| affricate | combination of stop and fricative |
| accent | speech production aspect of language that affects how a person's speech is perceived |
| dialect | syntactical and pragmatic variation in one language, usually shared by a speech community |
| fundamental pitch | average frequency of someone's voice |
| optimal pitch | ideal pitch that someone should speak at for optimal vocal health |
| 3 systems of clinical phonetics | 1. System complexity 2. Linguistic complexity 3. Response complexity |
| 2 parts of system complexity | 1. Binary system 2. 5 way scoring |
| Binary system | Part of system complexity for clinical phonetics, grades speech production on "true" or "false" basis. |
| 5-way scoring | Part of system complexity for clinical phonetics, uses 5 areas of evaluation (remember DADS) 1. Correct 2. Deletion/omission of a sound 3. Addition of a sound 4. Distortion of a sound (in between 2 phonemes) 5. Substitution of a sound |
| Linguistic complexity | System for clinical phonetics, asks what level required for production of speech. Divided into: 1. Isolation: child isolates problematic sound 2. Word 3. Sentence 4. Connected speech |
| Response complexity | System for clinical phonetics, asks what about a child's response is being scored. Divided into: 1. Single sound: clinician evaluates a single sound 2. Multiple sound: clinician evaluates all sounds |
| Speech | productions of sound that doesn't necessarily follow rules. It is only one mode of language production. |
| Language | Can be communicative and non-communicative, follows a set of rules and can be expressed in many different ways. |
| idiolect | your own dialect, as many of these as there are people |
| register shift | a change in communication depending on location or communication partner. |
| morphemes | smallest unit of meaning within semantics, can be free or bound |
| lexicon | collection of all morphemes, free and boud |
| morphology | study of morphemes, study use (pragmatics), content (semantics), and form (phonology/morphology) |
| phoneme | smallest unit of speech sound that can distinguish morphemes |
| allophone | variations in the production of one single speech sound, these changes do not change the meaning of the phoneme |
| phonology | study of speech sounds |
| phonotactic rules | rules that govern the phonetic sound one makes in speech (ie: "s" is voiced /z/ after nasals) |
| 3 types of transcription | 1. Morphemic 2. Phonetic 3. Phonemic |
| Morphemic transcription | transcription that divides up the morphemes in speech |
| Phonetic transcription | transcription that is known as "narrow," shows exactly how someone said something |
| Phonemic transcription | transcription that is known as "broad," shows the general phonemes that someone used |
| Syllable types | 1. open 2. closed |
| Open | syllable that does not end in a consonant |
| closed | syllable that ends in a consonant |
| initial | a term referring to a phoneme that is at the beginning of a word |
| medial | a term referring to a phoneme that is in the middle of the word |
| final | a term referring to a phoneme that is at the end of a word |
| minimal pair | two words that change a single consonant phoneme to change the meaning of a word (ie: "ball" and "tall") |
| Respiratory system | a system of speech production that works like a pump, place for breathing |
| respiration | process of respiratory system |
| inspiration/expiration | action of respiratory system |
| components of respiratory system | lungs, diaphragm, rib cage, rib cage muscles, abdomen |
| quiet breathing | regular inhale and exhale, looks like a snake |
| speech breathing | irregular inhale/exhale. Short, steep inhale and long exhale. Looks like zig-zag |
| Laryngeal system | a system for speech production that is responsible for phonation |
| phonation | process of laryngeal system |
| components of laryngeal system | larynx, vocal folds |
| vocal folds | shaped like a "v" from anterior angle, tissue inside of larynx responsible for vocal vibration |
| pitch | rate at which vocal folds vibrate |
| Hertz | what pitch of voice is measured in |
| Supralaryngeal system | system for speech production concerned with resonation and any other manipulation of sound above larynx |
| articulation and resonation | 2 processes of supralaryngeal system |
| pharyngeal caity | above larynx, splits into nasal cavity and oral cavity |
| articulators | moving structures for speech production |
| velum | one of the articulators, hangs down in back of mouth to direct air to nasal or oral cavity |
| velopharyngeal port | open when velum is lowered, closed when velum is raised |
| lower jaw | moving structure of lower face, one of the articulators |
| tongue | one of the articulators, has tip, blad, dorsum, root |
| Lips | one of the articulators, help create many consonants |
| diphthongs | a vowel phoneme that includes two speech sounds on the on-glide and off-glide |
| vowel | regular sound energy passing through air cavity, regular vocal fold vibration, lower frequencies, nucleus of syllable |
| Consonant | defined by voicing, place, and manner |
| voicing | state of the vocal folds during production of particular sounds (esp consonants) |
| Bilabial | sound made with both lips (b, p, w, M, m) |
| Labiodental | sound made with lower lip inserted between teeth (f, v) |
| Interdental | sound made with tongue inserted between teeth (th sounds) |
| alveolars | 50% of all consonants made here, made with tip of tongue on alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l) |
| Palatal | sound made with tongue making and roof of mouth (tS, S, 3, d3, r, j) |
| velars | sound made with back of tongue and soft palate (k, g, ng sound) |
| glottal | sound made with glottis (h, glottal) |
| cognate pair | a pair of phonemes that are made in the same way but differ in voicing (ie: /s/ and /z/) |
| /i/ | high, front, tense, unround |
| /I/ | mid-high, front, lax, unround |
| /e/ | mid, front, tense, unround |
| /E/ | mid-low, front, lax, unround |
| /ae/ | low, front, lax, unround |
| /u/ | high, back, tense, round |
| greek letter (hooks on U) | mid-high, back, lax, round |
| /o/ | mid, back, tense round |
| /c/ (upside down) | mid-low, back, tense, round |
| /a/ | low, back, tense, round |
| /cI/ | diphthong in "boy" "joy" "hoist" |
| /au/ | diphthong in "ouch" "out" "house |
| /ou/ | diphthong in "hose" "oak" "over" (must make o-->w) |
| /eI/ | diphthong in "chaos" "pay" "ace" (must make a-->y) |
| /aI/ | diphthong in "eye" "ice" "find" |
| /3r/ (little hook on 3) | central stressed /r/-colored |
| /er/ (little hook on upside down e) | central unstressed /r/-colored |
| /A/ | central stressed non-/r/-colored |
| /e/ (upside down) | central unstressed non-/r/-colored |
| /cr/ | rhotic diphthong in "oar" "door" |
| /ar/ | rhotic diphthong in "ark" "dark" |
| /Ir/ | rhotic diphthong in "deer" "hear" |
| /Er/ | rhotic diphthong in "chair" "share" |
| /Ur/ | rhotic diphthong in "lure" "pure" (has "oo" sound, not as common in English) |
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