1.
1st Fort Laramie Act 1851: Indians were guaranteed safe passage fro settlers through their territories in exchange for an annuity of $50 thousand for 50 years
2.
American Federation of Labor: Lead by Samuel Gompers. Concentration: wages, shorter work hours, working conditions
3.
American Railway Union: Lead by Eugene V Debs. Associated with Pullman Strike. Union leaders are arrested and jailed, the union collapses
4.
Anti-Chinese sentiments: (often violent) reflected the resentment of many white workers toward chinese laborers for accepting low wages and thus undercutting union members
5.
City Transportation: elevated railway, cable cars, road and bridge building (brooklyn bridge), passenger elevator (linked to skyscrapers)
6.
Commercial farmers: attempting to do in the agricultural economy what industrialists were doing in the manufacturing economy
7.
Craft Unions: represented small groups of skilled workers
8.
Desert Land Act 1877: provided that claimants could buy 640 acres for $1.25 an acre provided they irrigated part of their holdings within three years
9.
Ethnic Cities: immigrant groups would form close-knit ethnic communities within the cities
10.
Foreign Miners tax: tried to exclude the chinese from gold mining
11.
forms of leisure: sports, music, theatre, movies, dance and concert halls, parks, amusement parks
12.
Frederick Jackson Turner: claimed that the experience of western expansion had stimulated individualism, nationalism, and democracy
13.
Frederick Law Olmstead: the landscape designer of Central Park (Calvert Vaux)
14.
Homestead Act of 1862: permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land they purchased for five years and improved it
15.
Knights of Labor 1869-early 1890's: Lead by Uriah S Stephens, open to all workers (business and professional people and women). excluded lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers
16.
Labor Union Weaknesses: Corporations had federal support and there were too many different unions that had different focuses
17.
Little Big Horn 1876: large tribal army surprised Custer and his regiment and killed them all
18.
new meaning of leisure: in modern industrial societies, new economies could create enough wealth to satisfy not just needs but also desires
19.
Political machine: purpose: to win votes for his organization. rewarded followers with opportunities in exchange for votes
20.
Rocky Mountain School: Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran celebrated West in grandiose canvases (west landscape)
21.
Sand Creek Massacre: Colonel JM Chivington lead a volunteer militia force-- surprise massacre of 133 people
22.
Significance of early 1850's: US government assigned all the tribes their own defined reservations
23.
Timber Culture Act 1873: permitted homesteaders to receive grants fo 160 additional acres if they planted 40 acres of trees on them