Social Perception
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Social Perception | the process through which people seek to know and understand others |
| Factors to consider on how we make impressions | 1. People are unpredictable 2. People are active 3. People try to deceive you 4. Your interaction alters their behavior |
| Making Judgements | We arrive at judgements through: - physical cues (age,gender, behavior, ethnicity) - Information from others |
| Channels of Communication (1) | Verbal Channel (language) |
| Channels of Communication (2) | Nonverbal Channel - relies on unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact (i.e., staring), and body language (gestures, postures, and movements) |
| Attribution | the process through which we seek to identify the causes of others' behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions |
| Impression formation | the process through which we form impressions of others |
| Four ways in which we find out that someone is lying | 1. Their Microexpressions: fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second 2. Interchannel discrepancies: inconsistencies between onverbal cues from diffirent channels (channels being facial expressions or body movements or gestures). 3. Eye contact: too much eye contact, too little, blinking a lot, pupils being more dialated 4. Exaggerated facial expressions: Smile more, smile more braodly, show greater sorrow than what is typically normal. |
| Universal Expressions??? | This is not conclusive, but typically, sad, agree, disgust, happy, surprise, fear |
| Correspondent inference | Theory that asks how we use information about others' behavior as a basis for inferring that they possess various traits |
| Noncommon Effects (pertaining to Correspondent Inference) | effects produced by a particular cause that could not be produced by any other apparent cause |
| Free Choice (pertaining to Correspondent Inference) | if some chooses to do a behavior, that is informative |
| Social Desirability (pertaining to Correspondent Inference) | if a behavior is not socially desirable, this is informative |
| Social roles(pertaining to Correspondent Inference) | if a behavior is inconsistent with a social role, it is informative |
| Kellys Theory of Casual Attributions | In out attempts to answer the question why, about others' behavior, we focus on three major types of information. (1) consensus (2) consistency (3) distinctiveness |
| Consensus | the extent to which other people react to some stimulus or even in the same manner as the person we are considering |
| Consistency | the extent to which an individual responds to a given stimulus or situation in the same way on different occasions (i.e., across time) |
| Distinctiveness | the extent to which an individual responds in the same manner to different stimuli or events |
| Basis Sources of Attribution Errors | (1) Saliance Bias (2) Correspondence Bias (3) Self-Serving Bias (4) Actor-observer effect |
| Saliance Bias | person who is more salient seen as more influential |
| Correspondence Bias | the tendency to explain others actions as stemming from dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes |
| Self-Serving Bias | the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes but negative outcomes or events to external causes |
| Actor-observer effect | the tendency to attribute out own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others mainly to internal dispositional causes |
| Schachter and Singer Study on the 2-Factor Theory of Emotion | Stage 1: Physiological arousal (sweaty palms, racing heart) Stage 2: Look at the Situation to explain arousal (the situation, or contect, may give gues about what emotion is appropriate) |
| Valins Hearbeat Study | 1. Men viewed pictures of nude women 2. They wer told they would hear on heartbeat, actually, speed of heartbeat was manipulated 3. They rated pictures on attractiveness and chose 1 picture to take hoe 4. Participants used "fast hearbeat" as a sign of physiological arousal |
| Implicit personality theory | beliefs about what traits or characteristics tend to go together |
| Halo Effect | to generalize and perceive that a person has a whole set of characteristics when you have actually observed only one characteristic, trait, or behavior |
| Central Traits Theory | solomon asch concerns the general expectations that we build about a person after we know something of their central traits. For example, when one believes that a happy person is also friendly, or that quiet people are shy. Individuals hold a network of assumptions that are based around relationships among various traits, and behaviors |
| Cognitive Weighted Average | direct information (actual encounter primacy effect (early information is more important) negative information (weighted heavier than positve) |
| Schemas/Person Types | they are what we pay attention to and chose to interpret as related to impression formation |
| Evaluations | can be global/local and/or positive/negative |
| Two Categories of Attribution | Internal (caused by a person's traits) External (caused by the situation) |
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