| Term | Definition |
| Bedouin | an Arabic-speaking, traditionally nomadic people of Southwest Asia |
| Muhammad (also spelled Mohammed) | the founder and major prophet of Islam |
| Monotheism | a belief in one god |
| Islam | a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Muhammad and the writings of the Qur'an, the Muslim holy book |
| Muslim | a believer in the religion of Islam who accepts Allah as the only god |
| Ottoman Empire | a Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300s to 1922 |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, founded in 1960 |
| Kurd | a member of an ethnic group that does not have its own country but whose homeland lies in parts of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran |
| Persia | a historic region of Southwest Asia located mostly in what is now Iran |
| shah | title for the king of Persia of Iran |
| theocracy | a government run by religious leaders |