| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Process and end result of evaluating information obtained from the examination, which the physical therapist then organizes into defined clusters of key impairments, syndromes, or categories to help determine the most appropriate intervention strategies | Diagnosis, according to the Guide by APTA |
| Definition of measurement | A numerical or judgment assigned to an object, event or person or the class (category) to which an object, event or person is assigned according to the rules |
| Two criteria for sound operational definition | Universality, Sound theoretical basis |
| Reliability is | The consistency or repeatability of measurements, the degree to which repeated measurements will agree |
| Sources of error for reliability | - Errors by examiners, - Instrumentation flaws, - Measure is inherently inconsistent |
| 4 Common types of reliability | Intratester, Intertester, Parallel (alternate), Population specific |
| Parallel (alternate) reliability is this | Measures obtained using different forms of a test, interchangeability |
| Population specific reliability indicates | that reliability may be population-specific, i.e. normal vs. diseased |
| The ___ or ___ should be used, as they are the state of the art in statistics for reliability | Kappa and Weighted Kappa |
| Kappa and Weighted Kappa range from...to.. | Zero (no agreement) to 1.0 (Perfect agreement) |
| 0-.20 Kappa score means | poor agreement |
| .61-.80 Kappa score means | substantial agreement |
| 4 levels of data are: | Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio |
| Temperature in Farenheit is an example of ___ level of data | Interval |
| Interval level of data is known as the ___.. | highest level of data because interval between 1-2 is the same as between 10+ 11 |
| The Pane scale has ___ level of data | Ratio |
| The ICC is... | a Correlation coefficient based on an analysis of variance |
| The higher the ICC... | the better |
| Formula for Standard Error of Measurement | Standard deviation x square root of (1-ICC) |
| Standard error of measurement | Square root of mean square error term from the AOV used to calculate the ICC |
| Standard Error of Measurement describes... | the error associated with a single score (in the units of interest) |
| If a goniometer score is 90, with an SEM of 5, the true range would be | 85-95 |
| SEM is only ___% certain | 68% |
| SEM is 95% certain if... | you multiply it by two. |
| SEM is useful when you want to know the... | minimal detectable change. |
| For a description of the error associated with a change score (standard error of the difference)... | multiply by the square root of 2 |
| with a 5 degree SEM for goniometric measure, for 95% certainty | multiply SEM x2 so 2SEM=10 |
| For the standard error of the difference (to help you interpret change), multiply 2SEM by | Square root of 2. So a 2SEM of 10 would be 14 |
| Anchor-based approach to measuring change | Is based on what a patient feels is important |
| MCID stands for | Minimal Clinically Important Difference, aka Minimum Important Difference |
| Minimal Clinically Important Difference is a | change in a measure necessary to indicate that the change is meaningful to a patient |
| MCID is usually approximately equal to... | 1 or 2SEM |
| Validity asks | does the test measure what it is supposed to measure |
| validity is what can be inferred from | the measurement |
| The degree to which a useful/meaningful interpretation can be inferred from a measure | Validity |
| Highly valid measure are almost always | highly reliable as well |
| Face, construct, and content validity are all | Theoretical |
| Criterion-related validity includes | Concurrent, predictive and prescriptive Validities |
| This type of validity is directly tested in research | Criterion-related |
| Face validity can be addressed from the standpoint of __- or ___ | the tester and the patient |
| Construct validity is | The conceptual basis for using a measurement to make an inferred interpretation, evidence for construct validity is through logical arguments based on theoretical and research evidence |
| Content validity | A form of validity that deals with the extent to which a measurement is judged to reflect meaningful elements of a construct and not any extraneous elements |
| Content validity is usually only pertinent to | Multidimensional measurements like disability measures or measures of a person's ability to perform ADLs |
| Criterion related validity requires | direct comparison of measurement of interest with a standard (criterion) measurement |
| Concurrent validity is used in clinic more commonly than ___ validity | predictive |
| Concurrent validity is | an inferred interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement with supporting evidence that was obtained at approximately the same time as the measurement being validated |
| Predictive validity is an inferred | interpretation justified by comparing a measurement with supporting evidence that is obtained at a later point in time |
| Predictive validity tries to justify using a measurement to.. | say something about future events or conditions |
| Predictive validity means | An inferred interpretation of a measurement is the determination of the form of treatment. |
| Prescriptive validity is justified based on the... | successful outcome of the chosen treatment |
| Criterion related validity of a diagnostic measure is reported by the use of | Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive values + and - |
| Formula for sensitivity | Patients with the condition who test positive/All patients with the condition = a/(a+c) |
| Formula for specificity | Patients without the condition who test negative/all patients without the condition = d/(b+d) |
| Formula for Positive Predictive Values | Patients with the condition who test positive /All patients who test positive = a/(a+b) |
| Formula for Negative Predictive Value | Patients without the condition who test negative/ all patients who test negative = d/(c+d) |
| When pretest probability goes down, false positives... | go up! |
| Do not do tests on patients with a ....of having a positive test | Very Low Probability |
| A prevalence falls, the positive predictive value falls and negative predictive value... | increases |
| As prevalence increases, positive predictive value increases and negative predictive value | decreases |
| Formula for Positive Likelihood Ratio | Sensitivity/(1-Specificity) = (a/[a+c])/([1-d]/[b+d]) |
| Formula for Negative Likelihood Ratio | (1-Sensitivity)/Specificity |
| A likelihood ratio of 1 tells you | nothing |
| Likelihood rations are not generally ___ | prevalence dependent, therefore they are stable |
| Internal validity deals with | the soundness of a study design |
| External validity deals with | the generalizability (limitations) of a study (can be affected by the type of therapist taking measurements) |
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