Human Species 2
About this set
Created by:
beccapuntoni14 on October 6, 2011
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
131 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Primate Limbs and Locomotion | flexible limbs, prehensile hands, opposable thumb, nails, essentially quadrupedal for locomotion |
| Primate Diet and Teeth | omnivorous, mixed diet, teeth not specialized |
| Primate Senses and Brain | stereoscopic vision, reduced smell, larger brain |
| Primate Maturation and Behavior | few offspring, learned behavior |
| Arboreal Hypothesis | traditional explanation of primate adaptation, life in trees |
| Visual Predation Hypothesis | another explanation for primate characteristics |
| Flowering Plants | another explanation for primate characteristics |
| Most primates live | in subtropical and tropical, new world: mexico, central, south america, old world: africa, asia |
| Dental Layout | old world anthropoids: 2 premolars, new world anthropoids: 3 premolars |
| Anthropoid Locomotion | terrestrial and arboreal, quadrupedal mostly, brachiation, prehensile tail, knuckle walking |
| Primate Order | order primates within class Mammalia, 230 diverse species |
| Primate Suborders | 1. Strepsirhini: lemurs, lorises, 2. Haplorhini: Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans |
| Lemurs and Lorises | Strepsirhini, rhinarium moist (wet nose) |
| Lemurs live | in madagascar |
| Lorises live | in southeast Asia and Africa |
| Tarsiers | live on islands Southeast Asia, nocturnal insectivores, some anthropoid features |
| Anthropoids | monkeys, apes, and humans, monkeys are 85% of primates, there are new world and old world monkeys |
| New World Monkeys | live in forest of mexico, central and south america, arboreal (live in trees) |
| Old World Monkeys | Cercopithecines - generalized omnivorous diet, Colobines - leaf eating monkeys |
| Hominoid Apes | small (lesser apes), large (great apes), live in African and Asia |
| Gibbons and Siamangs | live in southeast asia, small bodied, Brachiation (arm over arm locomotion) |
| Orangutans | Large bodied, live in indonesia (borneo and sumatra), Frugivorous - fruit eaters |
| Gorillas | largest hominoid (ape), marked sexual dimorphism, knuckle walking (quadrupedal), forested areas equatorial Africa, four sub species, vegetarian, not ferocious |
| Brain Size | did not increase much over 4 million year period, but rapid maturation |
| Chimpanzees | Equatorial Africa, knuckle walking mainly, variety of foods, group hunting, large communities, bonded males core |
| Bonobos | slightly smaller than chimpanzees, male-female bonding, famous sexual behavior |
| Humans | homo sapiens, hominin tribe- new taxonomy term |
| Human Characteristics shared with Primates | primate heritage, typical primate teeth, dependence on vision, flexible limbs, grasping hands, omnivorous |
| Unique Human Characteristics | Brain size larger, dependent on culture, highly developed cognitive abilities, habitual bipedal locomotion |
| Evolution of Behavior | study of behavior in free-ranging primates, from ecological and evolutionary perspective, relationship between behaviors-the natural environment-biological traits of species studied |
| Ecological | relationship between organism and all aspects of environment, for example food resources and predators |
| Behavioral Ecology | focuses on the relationship between behaviors, the natural environment and biological traits of the species, some behaviors are influenced by genes, subject to natural selection |
| Evolution of Behavior | individuals with behavioral phenotypes that increase 'reproductive fitness' pass on their genes at a faster rate than others |
| Primate Social Structure | social structures are the results of natural selection in specific habitats, they guide individual interactions and social relationships |
| Primates Socially | primates are among the most social of animals, social behavior is one of the major topics in primate research |
| Factors that influence social structure | distribution of resources, predation |
| Resources | leaves can be abundant and will support large groups of animals, fruits and nuts occur in clumps which can efficiently be exploited by small groupers of animals |
| Predation | primates are vulnerable to many types of predators, where predation pressure is high, large communities are advantageous |
| Primate Social Behavior | primates solve major adaptive problems in a social context, several behaviors reinforce integrity of group, includes dominance, communication, aggession, affiliation, and altruism |
| Dominance Hierarchies | many primate societies are organised into these which impose a certain degree of order, also called 'pecking orders' |
| Dominance | higher ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners |
| Communication | reassurance is communicated through hugging or holding hands. the fear grin seen in all primates, indicates fear and submission |
| Autonomic Response | raised body hair is an example of |
| Deliberate communication | vocalizations and branch shaking are examples of |
| Displays | communicate emotional states, elaborate, complicated, repetitive. ex: with Gorillas: chest slapping, tear vegetation as threat display |
| Aggression within a group | conflict within a group frequently develops out of competition for resources, including mating partners and food items |
| Aggression against intrusion | often to protect individual or group resources |
| Home Range | primate groups are associated with a home range where they remain permanently |
| Core Area | portion within home range, contains the highest concentration of predictable resources |
| Affiliation and Altruism | many behaviors minimize violence, reinforce bonds between individuals and enhance group stability |
| Grooming | affiliative behavior, pick through fur, social grooming common among primates because it reinforces social relationships |
| Altruism | affiliative behaviors, benefits another while posing risk to oneself |
| Primate Cultural Behavior | learned, passes from generation to generation through learning (not biological), term 'cultural primatology' is now used |
| Learning | nonhuman primate infants through observing their mothers and others |
| Cultural Tradition | when learned behavior passed to offspring a 'cultural tradition' may emerge for a group or species |
| Koshima Macaques | Japan, Koshima island Macaques, first reported example of cultural behavior among monkeys |
| Chimpanzee Cultural Behavior | tool use: termite fishing, leaf sponges, hammerstones nad platforms to crack nuts |
| Chimpanzee Hunting Tools | sharpened sticks to hunt galagos, happened in West Africa, recent discovery |
| Regional Variation | Only chimp habitually makes and uses tools, there are regional variations of tools used, regional dietary preferences also exist for chimps |
| Kanzi Stone Flakes | recent example, male bonobo, produced sharp stone flakes by smashing stone on floor |
| Closed System | assumed that nonhuman animals use a closed system, these views have been challeneged |
| Vervet Monkeys | vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for particular pedators (snakes, eagles, leopards), calls are not involuntary they are learned, but limited |
| Human Language | A set of written and or spoken symbols, symbols are arbitrary, recombine symbols for new meanings, described as an open system |
| Apes | can learn to interpret visual signs and use them in communication, that they cant speak doesnt have to do with intelligence. |
| Experiments in primate communication | attemps to teach chimpanzees to speak failed |
| Kanzi | bonobo (chimp), used symbols (lexigrams), claimed that young Kanszi began spontaneously acquiring and using symbols |
| Primate Communication | evidence that humans are not the only species capable of some degree of symbolic thought and complex communication |
| Cenozoic Periods, oldest to newest | Paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pilestocene, halocene |
| Levels of Primate Evolution, old to new | 1. prosimians, 2. anthropoids, 3. hominoids, 4. hominins |
| Ecocene | earliest definite primates appear, fossils found in North America and Europe, continents connected til oligocene |
| Ecocene Prosiminian Radiation | many promisians appear |
| Oligocene Anthropoid Radiation | early anthropoid radiation in oligocene, fossils from Fayum,Egypt. Including Apidium, Aegyptopithecus, illustrate roots of anthropoid evolution |
| Micocene | the golden age of hominoids, Spectacular hominoid radiation, many diverse species, Afria Asia Europe, none in the new world |
| Micocene Hominoids | grouped geographically, Afrca- proconsul, European- Dryopithecus, Asian - sivapithecus |
| Hominid Divergence | intial divergence of hominids from african hominodsi occured during late miocene, hominids are BIPEDAL |
| Definition of Hominin | distinctive hominin characteristics include bipedal locomotion, large brain, tool making |
| Mosaic Evolution | characteristics did not evolve at the same time and place, physiological and behavioral systems evolve at different rates |
| Bipedal Locomotion | distinctive feature of family Hominidae, single most important characteristic of hominid evolution indicated if a fossil is a hominid, other features like brain size and behavior are significant later |
| Hominoids Superfamily | humans and apes |
| Hominids Family | bipedal hominoids |
| Our text traditional | refers to members of human family as hominids (family hominidae) |
| Two levels of classification added | subfamily and tribe |
| Advantages of Bipedalism | freed the hands, wider view of the surrounding countryside, efficient means of covering long distances |
| Bipedal modifications | pelvis most dramatic - shorter, braoder, oriented more to sides, basin like shape, elongated in quadrupeds |
| More Bipedal Modifications | foramen magnum re positioned, spinal curvature, lengthening of leg, femur angled inward, longitudinal arch, big toe realigned |
| Biocultural Evolution | biology makes culture possible, culture further influences biological evolution |
| Most distinctive human behavioral feature | dependence of culture |
| Protohominids | earliest members of hominid lineage, didnt regularly make stone tools, later more elaborate tools and social relationships emerge, these selected for greater intelligence |
| Paleanthropologist | study human origins, use skills of geologists, archeologists, physical anthropologists, paleocologists |
| Early Hominin Tools | most perishable, stone tools first recognizable artifacts, simple hammer stones, oldowan tools |
| Relative Dating Method | determines only whether an object is older or younger than other objects |
| Chronometric or Absolute Dating Method | provides an estimate of age in years based on radioactive decay |
| Stratigrapy | based on the law of superposition, that lower stratum layer is older than higher stratum |
| Fluorine analysis | applies to buried bones and groundwater seepage. Bones incorporate fluorine during fossilization, the longer they're buried the more fluorine, only works with bones from the same location |
| Biostratigraphy | uses fossils of better known animals to help date associated hominid remains |
| Paleomagnetism | shifting of geomagnetic pole, magnetic particles act as ancient compass, point to location of pole when rock formed |
| Potassium/Argon (K, Ar) | potassium decays into argon gas, heating resets clock, volcanic rock in east africa, dates rock not bone |
| Carbon-14 | dates organic material (bone, wood), relevant for latter stages of hominid evolution like Neandertals and modern humans |
| Fission-Track | counts tracks left in crystalline rocks as uranium atoms disintegrate |
| 3 regions of where Early Hominin fossils found | Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa |
| Major groups of hominids | pre-australopiths, Australopiths, early homo |
| Pre-Australopith Hominids | earliest remains classified as hominids... now hominins, thought to be bipedal, three genera: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus |
| Sahelanthropus Tchandensis | country of chad in central africa, new genus from toros-menalla, oldest hominid, vertical face |
| Orrorin Tugenensis | Kenya East Africa, Tugen hills fossils, hominid because it's bipedal, teeth, lower limb bones |
| Ardipithecus Ramidus | east Africa, Aramis site, a pre-australopith, bipedal, foot bones and foramen magnum position |
| Australopithecus | well known, widely distributed, diverse, Central and east africa, several species but only one of two genera |
| Genera of Australopiths | australopithecus, Paranthropus |
| Common features of Australopiths | clearly bipedal, relatively small brains compared to homo, large teeth especially in the back, thick enamel on molars |
| Australopithecus Anemensis | the earliest of the early more primitive Australopiths |
| Australopithecus Afarensis | early primitive, more complete remains, famous sites: Hadar, Laetoli |
| Hadar | Afarensis site, east africa, found: lucy, group of bones of 13 individuals, stone tools... oldest cultural evidence found |
| Laetoli | Afarensi site, east Africa, fossilized hominid footprints in volcanic ash, bipedal |
| Later more Derived Australopiths | hominids more diverse, include: paranthropus, later australopithecus |
| Paranthropus | most derived australopith, specializations related to powerful chewing, large deep lower jaw, chewing muscles attached to sagittal crest |
| Species of Paranthropus | aethipoicus (east africa), bosei (east africa), robustus (south africa) |
| Australopithecus africanus | a later dervied australopith in south africa but not very robust |
| South Africa | becomes important in history of hominid discoveries, the first australopithecine 'the missing link' between apes and humans was discovered at a quarry at Taung, the 'first' discovered, not the 'earliest' |
| Taung | Quarry in South Africa, first australopithecine discovered by Raymond Dart, the missing link |
| Gracile Australopith | refers to a variety of later derived Australopiths, smaller teeth than robust types, lighter face |
| More Finds in South Africa | clear that australopithecines were not simply aberrant apes, the acceptance of australopithecines as hominids required revision of human evolutionary theory |
| Hominids in South Africa | remains of 200 individuals, most from nine caves (limestone areas, no volcanic material) |
| Returning to East Africa | discovery of another group of fossils known as 'early homo' |
| Ealy Homo | the first of our genus 'homo', as early as paranthropus, but distinctively a different hominid genus, a plio-pleistocene hominid with a larger brain |
| Olduvai Gorge | where homo habilis was discovered and named. Louis and Mary Leakey conducted continuous excavations, more than 150 species of extinct animals reflect ecological conditions of early hominid habitats |
| Dating at Olduvai Gorge | volcanic activity, not limestone |
| Homo Habilis | in early homo category, discovered at olduvai gorge, named habilis (handyman) tools, brain larger than 631 cm, claimed to be early olduvai toolmakers |
| Habilis at Olduvai | a second seperate branch of hominid evolution in the plio-pliestocene, and probable ancestor leading to homo sapiens, living at same time of Paranthropus |
| Early Homo | evolving into one or more species including habilis and rudolfensis |
| Late Early Homo | still around when homo erectus found |
| Adaptive patterns of early African Hominins | restricted range, partial arboreal adaptation, not much increase in body size, not much increase in brain size until early Homo, no patterned stone tool manufacture until early homo, accelerated development of young |
| Groups of Plio-pleaistocene hominids | early hominins in africa divided into three major groupings: pre-australopiths, australopiths - early primitive, later more derived, early homo |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.