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carrying capacity (K) the maximum population of a species that a particular ecosystem can sustain. chi-square (x^2) a statistic used to measure how much a sample distribution differs from a theoretical distribution density-dependent factor biotic factors in the environment, such as disease and competition, are often called this because their effects on populations may be related to, or depend upon, local population density. density-independent factor abiotic factors in the environment, such as floods and extreme temperature , are often called this because their effects on populations may be independent of pop density exponential population growth pop growth that produces a J-shaped pattern of pop increase. the change in numbers w/ time is the product of the per capita rate of increase, r, and pop size, N. geometric population growth pop growth in which generations do not overlap & in which successive generations differ in size by a constant ratio intrinsic rate of increase the maximum per capita rate of pop increase; may be approached under ideal environmental conditions for a species. logistic equation an dN/dt=rm N (N-K/K) logistic population growth a pattern of growth that produces a sigmoidal, or S-shaped, pop growth curve; pop size levels off at carrying capacity (K) sigmoidal population growth curve am S-shaped pattern of pop growth, w/ pop size leveling off at the carrying capacity of the environment.