Chapters 1-3
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Theonerz55 on October 6, 2011
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Test #1
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biological anthropology 1001 RENE BOBE
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98 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Primate | Member of the mammalian order primates, includes prosimians, monkeys apes and humans, defined by a suite of anatomical and behavioral traits. |
| Evolution | A change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations. |
| Biological Anthropology | The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework; sometimes called physical anthropology. |
| Adaption | A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment. |
| Hominid | A member of the primate family Homindae. Distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, large brain. |
| anthropology | The study of human kind in a cross cultural context. Anthropology includes the subfields cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology. |
| Culture | The sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs that groups of people (and a few species of highly intelligent animals) possess. |
| biocultural anthropology | The study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits. |
| cultural anthropology | The study of human societies, especially in a cross cultural context; the sub division of anthropology that includes ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics. |
| Ethnology | The study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences between societies in these traits. |
| Ethnography | The practice of cultural anthropology. Ethnographers study the minute-to-minute workings of human societies, especially non western societies. |
| linguistic anthropology | the study of language, its origins, and use; also called anthropological linguistics. |
| Archaeology | The study of material culture of past peoples. |
| Artifacts | The objects, from tools to art, left by earlier generations of people. |
| Material Culture | The objects or artifacts of past human societies. |
| paleoanthropology | the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin. |
| osteology | the study of the skeleton. |
| paleopathology | the study of diseases in ancestral human populations. |
| forensic anthropology | the study of human remains applied to a legal context. |
| primatology | the study of the nonhuman primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology. |
| human biology | subfield of biological anthropology dealing with human growth and development, adaption to environmental extremes, and human genetics. |
| physical anthropology | the study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework. |
| Deduction | A conclusion that follows logically from a set of observations |
| Observation | the gathering of scientific information by watching a phenomenon. |
| hypothesis | a preliminary explanation of a phenomenon. Hypothesis formation is the first step of the scientific method. |
| Experimentation | the testing of a hypothesis |
| scientific method | Standard scientific research procedure in which a hypothesis is state, data are collected to test it, and the hypothesis is either supported or refuted. |
| data | the scientific evidence produced by an experiment or by observation, from which scientific conclusions are made. |
| falsifiable | able to be shown to be false |
| paradigm | a conceptual framework useful for understanding a body of evidence. |
| immutability (or fixity) | Stasis, lack of change. |
| taxonomy | The science of biological classification |
| binomial nomenclature | Linnaean naming system for all organisms, consisting of a genus and species label. |
| taxon | a group of organisms assigned to a particular category. |
| catastrophism | theory that there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters such as Noah's flood. |
| Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics | Discredited theory of evolutionary change proposing that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use or disuse can be passed on to the next generation. |
| uniformitarianism | Theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past. |
| Adaptive Radiation | The diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches. |
| Natural Selection | differential reproductive success over multiple generations. |
| population | an interbreeding group of organisms |
| mutation | an alteration in the DNA that may or may not alter the function of a cell. If it occurs in a gamete, it may be passed from one generation to the next. |
| fitness | reproductive success |
| creation science | a creationist attempt to refute the evidence of evolution. |
| intelligent design | a creationist school of thought that proposes that natural selection cannot account for the diversity and complexity of form and function seen in nature. |
| pedigree | a diagram used in the study of human genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generation of a family. |
| prokaryotes | single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, in which the genetic material is not separated from the rest of the cell by a nucleus. |
| eukaryotes | a cell that possesses a well-organized nucleus. |
| nucleus | in eukaryotic cells, the part of the cell in which the genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm) by a plasma membrane. |
| Cytoplasm | in a eukaryotic cell, the region within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus; it contains organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell, such as energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis. |
| somatic cells | the cells of the body that are not sex cells. |
| gametes | the sex cells: sperm in males and eggs (ova) in females. |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues. Also found in adults, although adult stem cells are not as totipotent as embryonic stem cells. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a double-stranded molecule that is the carrier of genetic information. Each strand is composed of a linear sequence of nucleotides; the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between complementary bases. |
| proteins | complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids (polypeptide) or form a complex of polypeptides. They function as structural molecules and transport molecules, antibodies, enzymes and hormones. |
| protein synthesis | the assembly of proteins from amino acids that occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Single-stranded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. |
| mitochondria | organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell where energy production for the cell takes place. Contains its own DNA. |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an organelle in the cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane. |
| ribosomes | structures composed primarily of RNA that are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. They are the site of protein synthesis. |
| nucleotide | molecular building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA; consists of a phosphate, sugar and a base. |
| base | variable component of the nucleotides that form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, the bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. |
| enzyme | a complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical processes in the body. |
| hemoglobin | protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen. |
| hormone | a natural substance (often a protein) produced by specialized cells in one location of the body that influences that activity or physiology of cells in a different location. |
| Amino Acids | molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein |
| polypeptide | a molecule made up of a chain of amino acids. |
| genetic code | the system whereby the nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA contain the information for synthesizing proteins from the twenty amino acids. |
| codon | a triplet of nucleotide bases in mENA that specifies an amino acid or the initiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence. |
| gene | the fundamental unit of heredity. Consists of a sequence of DNA bases that carries the information for synthesizing a protein (or polypeptide), and occupies a specific chromosomal locus. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | strand of RNA synthesized in the nucleus as a complement to a specific gene (transcription). It carries the information for the sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein into the cytoplasm, where at a ribosome it is read and a protein molecule synthesized (translation) |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis. |
| chromatin | the diffuse form of DNA as it exists during the interphase of the cell cycle. |
| mitosis | somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. |
| meiosis | cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and ova (gametes). |
| chromosome | discrete structures composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins. |
| centromere | condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. During mitosis and meiosis, location where sister chromatids attach to one another. |
| diploid number | full complement of paired chromosome in a somatic cell. In humans, the diploid number is 46 (23 pairs of different chromosomes). |
| haploid number | the number of chromosome found in a gamete, representing one from each pair found in a diploid somatic cell. In humans, the haploid number is 23. |
| homologous chromosomes | members of the same pair of chromosomes (or autosomes). homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during meiosis. |
| locus | the location of a gene on a chromosome. the locus for a gene is identified by the number of the chromosome on which it is found and its position on the chromosome. |
| alleles | Alternative versions of a gene. different alleles are distinguished from one another by their different effects on the phenotypic expression of the same gene. |
| homozygous | having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of a pair of homologous chromosome (or autosomes). |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes (or autosomes). |
| zygote | a fertilized egg |
| crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome during the first prophase of meiosis; mechanism for genetic recombination. |
| recombination | the rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes that occurs during crossing over in meiosis. source of variation arising out of sexual reproduction; important for increasing rates of natural selection. |
| karyotype | the complete chromosomal complement of an individual; usually based on a photograph of the chromosomes visualized under the microscope. |
| autosomes | any of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. |
| sex chromosomes | in mammals, chromosomes X and Y, with XX producing females and XY producing males. |
| nondisjunction error | the failure of homologous chromosomes (chromatids) to separate properly during cell division. When it occurs during meiosis, it may lead to the formation of gametes that are missing a chromosome or have an extra copy of a chromosome. |
| genome | the sum total of all the genes carried by an individual |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | Method for amplifying DNA sequences using the Taq polymerase enzyme. Can potentially produce millions or billions of copies of a DNA segment starting from a very small number of target DNA. |
| mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | Small loop of DNA found in the mitochondria. It is clonal and maternally inherited. |
| RNA is shaped like: | a cone, instead of a double helix |
| How many autosomes in somatic cells? | 44 |
| All sex characteristics must be found on: | X & Y in sex chromosomes |
| cultural reality | ways of thinking about the world that are shared by most members of a group |
| empirical reality | the natural world; science studies things that can be detected by our senses |
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