Chemistry Terminology Ch. 1-3 (Measurement and Matter
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Accuracy | Measures how close a measured value is to an accepted value. |
| Chemical Property | The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances. ex. Iron + Air = Rust |
| Physical Property | A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition. ex. Density, color, odor, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point. |
| States of Matter | All matter that exists on Earth. |
| Solid | A form of matter that has its own define shape and volume. |
| Liquid | A form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container. |
| Gas | A form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container and fills the entire volume of the container. |
| Chemical Change | A process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances. |
| Physical Change | Altering a substance without changing its composition. |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | States that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. It is preserved. eq: Mass.Reactants = Mass.Products |
| Mixture | A combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its individual chemical properties. |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct. |
| Homogeneous Mixture | Has constant composition throughout; it always has a single phase. |
| Solution | Also referred to as a homogeneous mixture. |
| Filtration | A technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid. |
| Distillation | A separation technique that is based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances involved. |
| Crystallization | A Separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance. |
| Chromatography | A technique that separates the components of a mixture , A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture (mobile phase) based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material (stationary phase). |
| Element | A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. |
| Compound | A combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically. |
| Law of Definite Proportions | States that regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. eq: percent by mass (%) = mass of element/mess of compound x 100 |
| Law of Multiple Proportions | States that when different compounds are formed by a combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers. eq: Mass ratio compound 1/ Mass ratio compound 2 |
| Significant Figures | Includes all known digits plus one estimated digit. |
| Percent Error | The ratio of an error to an accepted value. eq: percent error = error/accepted value x 100 |
| Precision | Refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another. |
| Dimensional Analysis | A method of problem-solving that focuses on the units to describe matter. |
| Scientific Notation | Expresses numbers as a multiple of two factors: a number between 1 and 10; and 10 raised to a power, or exponent. |
| Kelvin Scale | (K) The SI base unit of temperature. Water freezes at about 273 K and boils about 373 K eq: + 273 (to convert from Celsius to K) |
| Density | A ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume. Density = Mass/Volume |
| SI Units | Length- Meter (m) Mass- Kilogram (Kg) Volume- Liter (L) Time- Seconds (s) Temperature- Kelvin (K) |
| Celsius Scale | A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C. |
| Absolute Error | Numerical difference between the experimental and accepted values. |
| True Value | The accepted value in an experiment. |
| Substance | A form of matter that has uniform and unchanging composition; also known as a pure substance. |
| Observed Value | A measurement produced by an observation. |
| Metric Conversions | 1m = 100cm = 1000mm = 1000,000 um =1000,000,000nm |
| Intensive Property | A physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present. (Independent of the amount of a substance) |
| Extensive Properties | A physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present. (Dependent) |
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