Ch 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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Created by:
MVillmow on October 7, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Campbell Biology 9e
Classes:
Pd 5 Biology, Pd 6 Biology, 111 PRITCHARD BIOLOGY
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 energy | Living cells require what from outside sources? |
| sunlight; heat | Energy flows into an ecosystem as __________ and leaves as _____. |
| cellular respiration | Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in what? |
| chemical energy | Cells use what stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work? |
| fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration | The three ATP producing pathways are |
| Fermentation | A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 |
| Aerobic respiration | Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration | Similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 |
| Cellular respiration | What includes both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration? |
| sugar glucose | Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with what? |
| C6H12O6+6O2 = 6CO2+6H2O+Energy (ATP+heat) | Equation for respiration |
| organic molecules | The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in what? |
| synthesize ATP | The energy released in organic molecules is ultimately used to do what? |
| oxidation-reduction (redox reactions) | Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called what? |
| oxidation | A substance loses electrons |
| reduction | a substance gains electrons |
| reducing agent | The electron donor is called what? |
| oxidizing agent | The electron receptor is called what? |
| covalent bonds | Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in what? |
| cellular respiration | During what is fuel (such as glucose) oxidized and O2 is reduced? |
| NAD+ (a coenzyme) | Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to what? |
| electron acceptor | As an _______ ________, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration. |
| NADH | Each ______ represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP. |
| electron transport system | NADH passes the electron to what? |
| series of steps | Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in what instead of one explosive reaction? |
| energy-yielding | O2 pulls electrons down the chain in what kind of tumble? |
| ATP | The energy yielded is used to regenerate what? |
| oxygen | Aerobic respiration: The main pathway for energy release is from carbohydrate to ATP; What serves as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor? |
| C6H12O6+6O2+H2O = 6CO2+7H2O+36ATP | Formula for Aerobic respiration |
| glycolysis | What breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (PYR)? |
| transition reaction | What oxidizes PYR to Acetyl-Coenzymes A (AA)? |
| Krebs cycle | Completes the breakdown of glucose |
| Electron Transport System (Oxidative Phosphorylation) | Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The process that generates most of the ATP is called what because it is powered by redox reactions? |
| 90% | Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for what percentage of the ATP generated by cellular respiration? |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) by what? |
| 32 | For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the cell makes up to how many molecules of ATP? |
| pyruvate | Glycolysis ("splitting of sugar") breaks down glucose into two molecules of what? |
| cytoplasm | Where does glycolysis occur? |
| energy investment phase, energy payoff phase | The two major phases of glycolysis |
| mitochondrion | In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the what (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed? |
| acetyl coenzyme A | Before the Krebs cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to what, which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle? |
| Krebs Cycle | Completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2 |
| organic fuel | The cycle oxidizes what derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH^2 per turn? |
| energy | Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH^2 account for most of the what extracted from food? |
| electron transport chain | NADH and FADH^2, both electron carriers, donate electrons to what, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation? |
| electron transport chain | Is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria |
| proteins | Most of the chain's components are what, which exist in multiprotein complexes? |
| reduced and oxidized | The carriers alternate ________ and ________ states as they accept and donate electrons. |
| free energy | Electrons drop in what as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O? |
| electrons | What are transferred from NADH or FADH^2 to the electron transport chain? |
| cytochromes | Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including what to O2? |
| ATP | The electron transport chain does not generate this directly. |
| free-energy drop | The electron transport chain breaks the large what from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts? |
| electron transfer | What in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? |
| ATP synthase | H+ moves back across the membrane, passing through the proton called what? |
| exergonic flow | ATP synthase uses what of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP? |
| chemiosmosis | The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work is an example of what? |
| H+ gradient | The energy stored in what across a membrane couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis? |
| proton-motive force | The H+ gradient is referred to as what, emphasizing its capacity to do work? |
| 34% | About what percentage of the energy in glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP? |
| Mitochondria | Normally, for every NADH processed by the electron transport system, three ATP are formed; FADH^2 yields two ATP |
| Cytoplasm | NADH cannot enter the mitochondrion and must transfer its electrons |
| skeletal, brain, and most cells | In these places, electrons are transferred to FAD and thus yield two ATP (for a total yield of thirty-six) |
| liver, heart, and kidney cells | In these places, NAD+ accepts the electrons to yield three ATP; because two NADH are produced per glucose, total yield is 38 ATP. |
| O2 | Most cellular respiration requires what to produce ATP? |
| electron transport chain | Without O2, what will cease to operate? |
| final electron acceptor | In the case that there is no O2, anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with what other than O2, for example sulfate? |
| fermentation | uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP |
| fermentation | Consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis |
| alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation | Two common types of fermentation |
| alcohol fermentation | Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2 |
| yeast | Alcohol fermentation by what is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking |
| lactic acid fermentation | Pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 |
| fungi and bacteria | Lactic acid fermentation by some what is used to make cheese and yogurt |
| human muscle cells | What in humans use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce? |
| glycolysis | Fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration all use what to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food? |
| oxygen | Aerobic Respiration: The main pathway for energy release from carbohydrate to ATP; what serves as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor? |
| inorganic compound | Anaerobic respiration: The release of lesser amounts of energy for transfer to a small number of ATP; what other than oxygen serves as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor? |
| organic intermediate | Fermentation: Release of the least amount of energy for transfer to a smallest number of ATP; usually what serves as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor? |
| catabolic and anabolic | Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are major intersections to various _________ and ________ pathways. |
| Catabolic pathways | Funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration |
| photosynthesis | converts sunlight energy to sugar |
| respiration | converts sugar to ATP |
| chemiosmosis | Takes place in both photosynthesis and respiration |
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