Sociology Final Exam
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chanel1 Plus on October 7, 2011
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 RACE | A socially constructed category of people who share biologically (hair, skin) transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. |
| ETHNICITY | A shared CULTURAL heritage. |
| SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED | Society determines. |
| MINORITY | Women - definition: Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates. OR... Any group that collectively identifies itself as being discriminated against. |
| PREJUDICE | TO PRE-JUDGE. To be prejudice is more of a thought process--what you perceive someone to be. [can be Positive--providing special advantages; or Negative--creating obstacles] |
| STEREOTYPE | A simplfied description applied to every person in some category. |
| DISCRIMINATION | Unequal treatment of various categories of people. [can be Positive--providing special advantages; or Negative--creating obstacles] |
| The difference between Prejudice and Discrimination is.... | Prejudice refers to attitudes. Discrimination is a matter of action. |
| INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION | Bias built into the operation of society's institutions including schools, hospitals, law endorcement and the workplace. |
| IS INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION EASY TO PROVE? | It is VERY DIFFICULT to prove institutional discrimination -- discriminatory practice. Example: DOT, Real Estate Market. |
| SEGREGATION | Separation based on Race. |
| DEJURE SEGREGATION | Segregration by law. |
| APARTIDE | Segregation based on division |
| DEFACTO SEGREGATION | Segregatin by way of "that's the way it is" as opposed to being "the way it is". Segregation by choice. |
| GENOCIDE [Geno means Geneology. Cide means Death] | The systemic killing of one category of people by another. |
| STEROTYPES | A simiplified discrimination applied to every person in some category. [Inflexible perception or image of someone based on race] |
| What is AFFIMATIVE ACTION? | Policies designed to correct persistent inequalities in hiring and promotional practices. |
| PROS and CONS of Affirmative Action.. | Pros: Provides diversity Cons: Not based on academic ability |
| CAPITALISM | An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned. |
| What are the 3 distinct features of a an ideal CAPITALIST ECONOMY? | 1. Private ownership of property 2. Pursuit of personal profit 3. Competition and consumer choice |
| SOCIALISM | An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned. |
| What are the 3 distinct features of a an ideas of a SOCIALISTIC ECONOMY? | 1. Collective ownership of property 2. For the good of the Government - Pursuit of collective goals. 3. Government control of the economy. |
| POLITICAL SPECTRUM (see my tablet) | A line showing the range of political beliefs from liberalism (left) to conservatism (right). Goes from left to right. |
| The difference between Democrats and Republicans is... | Republicans are more in favor of Individual Responsibility. Democrats are more in favor of Societial Responsibility. |
| What are some reasons for people not voting? | Vote doesn't count Distrust of candidates Defacto Voting Patterns Don't know what's at stake Don't care - Voter apathy Note: Don't vote if you don't know what's going on. |
| WELFARE STATE | A system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population. |
| Regarding SOCIAL SECURITY... | We all put into it and It is secure |
| FREELOADERS | People who take advantage of other people's generosity without giving anything in return. |
| What race or group of people have the highest proverty rate and lowest life expectancy of any group? | American Indians. No other group of people have been helped more. |
| What is FAMILY? | Traditional - consisting of Father, Mother & Children |
| What is a NECLEAR FAMILY? | A traditional family that is a mother or father and children. |
| What is EXTENDED FAMILY? | Everyone else who is related. |
| ENDOGAMY is... | Marrying someone of the same race, socio-economic category. |
| EXOGAMY (Exo means 'out') | Marrying outside of one's race, socio-economic category, religion. |
| DIVERSITY SNAPSHOT [Table describing family form in the US] see pg. 378 | A. African Americans have the lowest % of married couples [47%]. 70% of Black Females are single parents. This is higher than any other group (Asian Americians, Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites) |
| Causes of Divorce | 1. Individualism is on the rise 2. Romantic love fades 3. Women are less dependent on men 4. Many of today's marriages are stressful 5. Divorce has become socially acceptable 6. Legally, a Divorce is easy to get |
| COHABITATION [Shacking Up] | The sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. |
| PROS of Cohabitation | Get to know someone before marriage. No strings attached. |
| SACRED | Set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverance. |
| List the Top 5 WORLD RELIGIONS | Christianity Judaism Hinduism Isalm Buddhist |
| A major issue in the USA today pertaining to religion is... | Secularization. |
| What is SECULARIZATION? | The removal or attempted removal of all religion from society. The historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and sacred. |
| SECULAR | Not of GOD; of man. |
| Examples of Secularization: | a. Not saying Merry Christmas. Instead, the phrase 'Happy Holidays' is acceptable. b. Removal of 10-Commandants plak from AL Supreme Court House. |
| Catholic [Roman Catholic] vs Protestant [the 'Prostest' in the word Protestant means to protest--split away from] | Catholic or Roman Catholic was the most powerful and dominant church. Protestant came about as a result of individuals wanted to desiring freedom to worship GOD in the way they choose. |
| Angelanican and Luthern denominations... | Were the first two denominations to split from the Catholic Church. |
| All prostant denominations believe in ... | the Holy Trinity |
| Mormans and Jehovia Witnesses do not believe in .... | the Divinity. |
| Catholic & Mormans believe that Salvation... | comes by 'works'. With Catholic, salvation through faith was more emphasized. With the Mormans, salvation through works is more emphasized. Salvation thru faith is recognized with Mormans, but Works is 'much more' emphasized. |
| COG [Church of God] believes in... | the gifts of the Holy Spirit |
| COC [Church of Christ] believes or have... | all singing done in occupala. |
| TRACKING | Assigning students to different types of educational programs, based on [perceived] abilities. |
| STANDARDIZED TESTING | Critics claim that the assessment tests widely used by schools reflect our society's dominant culture, placing minority students at a disadvantage. By defining majority students as smarter, standardized tests unfairly transform privlege into peronal merit. |
| Regarding Map on Page 412 relating to Teachers' Salaries... | Alabama pays teachers next to the lowest amount of pay [between $45,000 and $49,999]. Some leave and go to the state of Georgia [who pay's next to the highest between $50,000 and $54,999] |
| "A NATION AT RISK" refers to... | A study done a few years ago that was made into a book. The gist of it was "That nation-wide, our standardized test scores were down". Reasons: Not enough reading and too much TV; and Low test scores. |
| CULTURAL LITERACY | If you are literate, you are socially ept [having a feel of what's going on] E.D Hirsch Jr. wrote a book; he argued that the modern school curriculum, with its empahasis on diversity, is depriving children of the background that they need to be effective American citizen. ALSO Knowing what has gone on and is going on around you |
| What are the 3 P's in determining the order of Social Stratification. | Power, Property and Prestige |
| All (power, property and prestige) are important when it... | as components of social class. |
| Upward and Downward Mobility... | if you move up or down in a job. |
| UPWARD MOBILITY | Moving up in social status. |
| DOWNWARD MOBILITY | Moving down in social status. |
| What is the single most important factor in determining your social class? | Your job |
| Traditional & Necular Family consists of: | Mother, Father & Children |
| Extended family consists of: | Everyone else that's not part of the traditional & necular family. |
| The main thing to know about the Book on "Cultural Literacy" is... | It is about Everyday things that are socially significant. |
| Regarding Social Stratification - Do some Blue Collar workers earn more than White Collar Workers? | Yes. |
| What are some of the problems in the Education System? | inept teachers behavior problems with students overcrowding of classrooms underpay of teachers no system of accountability, etc. |
| What is Affirmative Action? | Policies designed to correct persistant inequalities in hiring and promotional practices. Exa: ASU encouraging non-minorities to attend. AND Univ of Michagen - opposite of ASU. |
| Just because you finish [graduate] college - the amount of time you spent is: | educational attainment |
| Educational Attainment is... | the number of years you spend in school. |
| Educational Achieve is... | what you learn -- as teachers, professors -- K thru PhD. |
| How can they [teachers, professors, etc.] determine what you learn? | Through or By Tests. |
| Be able to list whether a social or economic policy will be Liberal or Conservative.. | LIBERAL Societial Resposibility Social issues (gay marriage) Pro-Choice Increasing Taxes Environmental concerns CONSERVATIVE Individual responsibility' traditional family Pro-Life Tax cuts strong military Stronger border control |
| The imagimary line between liberal and conservative is called... | the Political Spectrum |
| SECULARIZATION | The removal or attempted removaql of religion. |
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