1.
Describe pathway of RAA system.: Kidney secretes renin in response to low blood volume → renin travels to liver & triggers production of angiotensin I → angiotensin I travels to lungs & converts to angiotensin II → angiotensin II travels to adrenal glands & stimulates production of aldosterone
2.
High serum sodium levels inhibit release of?: Aldosterone
3.
High serum sodium levels trigger release of?: ADH & ANP
4.
How is the action of cortisol different than that of aldosterone?: Action of cortisol (a glucocorticoid) much less intense than action of aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
5.
Low serum sodium levels inhibit release of?: ADH & ANP
6.
Low serum sodium levels trigger release of?: Aldosterone
7.
Outcome of ADH inhibition?: Increase in blood osmolarity as a result of decreased blood volume (increased urine output)
8.
Outcome of ADH release?: Decrease in blood osmolarity as a result of increased blood volume (water retention)
9.
Outcome of aldosterone release?: Increase in blood osmolarity and blood volume
10.
Outcome of ANP release?: Decrease in blood osmolarity and blood volume
11.
What are the effects of ADH release on fluid & electrolyte balance & urine output?: "water-conserving hormone"
Renal retention of H2O → increased blood volume & dilution of serum concentration of Na+ → more concentrated urine
12.
What are the effects of aldosterone release on fluid & electrolyte balance?: - increases renal retention of Na+
- increases renal excretion of K+
- increases water retention
- increases blood pressure
13.
What are the effects of ANP release on blood vessels & BP?: Dilation (vasodilation) → decreased blood volume → decreased BP
14.
What are the effects of ANP release on fluid & electrolyte balance?: ANP released in response to elevation in BP → inhibits Na+ reabsorption and aldosterone secretion → increases renal secretion of Na+ and H2O
15.
What are the effects of cortisol release on fluid & electrolyte balance?: - increases renal retention of Na+
- increases blood pressure
16.
What are two important functions of angiotensin II and what is the result?: Peripheral vasoconstriction & stimulation of production of aldosterone → increase blood pressure
17.
What enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II?: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
18.
What hormone(s) encourage loss of fluids?: ANP (encourages increased urine output)
19.
What hormone(s) inhibit loss of fluids?: Aldosterone & ADH
20.
What hormone(s) regulate potassium levels within the body?: Aldosterone
21.
What hormone(s) regulate sodium levels within the body?: ADH, Aldosterone, ANP
22.
What is the "antagonist" to the RAA system, and how?: Release of ANP → suppresses secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH to decrease blood volume and pressure
23.
What is the "RAA System"?: Renin → Angiotensin → Aldosterone System
24.
What is the impact of ADH release on blood vessels & BP?: Constriction (vasoconstriction) →increased blood volume → increased BP
25.
What triggers RAA system?: Sympathetic NS stimulation (fight or flight), low blood volume, low blood pressure (hypotension)
26.
What triggers release of ANP?: Elevation in (atrial) blood pressure
27.
What triggers the release of ADH?: Decreased blood volume/pressure and/or increased serum concentration (due to loss of water)
28.
Where is ADH (vasopressin) produced & stored, and where does it act?: Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, acts on kidney
29.
Where is aldosterone produced and where does it act?: Produced in adrenal cortex, acts on kidney
30.
Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) produced?: Produced in right atrium of heart
31.
Where is cortisol produced and where does it act?: Produced in adrenal cortex, acts on kidney
