Chapter 4-6 Review

Terms	Definitions
cytocrine secretion	Cells that surround melanocytes may contain more melanin than the melanocytes because of the process of _____.
trichosiderin	he color of red hair is due to _____.
evaporation	he most easily regulated loss of heat through the skin is by _____.
thinner in areas receiving greater friction and use	Which of these phrases does not characterize the dermis?
stratum basale of the epidermis	Hairs arise from which layer of the skin?
True	Persons who remain indoors frequently may have a higher risk of developing a malignant melanoma than those who are highly exposed to sunlight because of their work or other reasons.
sporadic exposure	Studies have shown that_____to high intensity sunlight, such as during some vacations, may cause cancer more likely than a constant level of daily exposure.
False	Excessive hair growth on regions of the body is alopecia.
Alopecia	_____is a term which indicates a condition of hair loss or baldness and can occur on any part of the body.
False	Sebaceous glands are always associated with each hair follicle.
Sebaceous glands	_____can open directly onto the surface without association with hair follicles, such as in the genitals or lips.
False	Heat exhaustion occurs when the body undergoes excessive sweating on hot, humid days.
Heat exhaustion	_____occurs when the body is unable to eliminate excess body heat fast enough; it includes cramping and fatigue.
False	The white blood cells secrete interleukins, which are known to block the causes of fevers.
Interleukin	_____is a class of compounds that cause many reactions including the development of a fever, by stimulating the hypothalamus.
False	The cells in the epidermis are only comprised of squamous epithelial cells.
epidermis	Cells in the deeper layers of the_____are cuboid. However the epithelium is classified as squamous because of the shape of the surface cells.
cell walls	Penicillin acts to render bacterial cells nonviable because it damages their _____.
Penicillin	_____interferes with the synthesis of cell walls by bacteria and in this way blocks their reproduction.
oxidation	Most reactions that produce energy in a cell utilize _____ as the main reaction type.
cell structures	The most significant function of proteins is to produce _____.
protein	A gene instructs an organism to produce a/an _____.
nucleotides	The fundamental units found in DNA, RNA and ATP are _____.
RNA	_____contains the sugar ribose but cannot have the base thymine which is found only in DNA.
tRNA	The amino acids are transported to the place where they will be assembled into proteins by _____.
lower the energy of activation needed to start the reaction	Enzymes function in chemical reactions to ____________________.
phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP	Most of the readily-available energy stored in ATP is stored during the ________________.
energy from ATP is transferred to intermediates along the pathway to drive the reactions	The first several steps of glycolysis are considered the energy-investment steps because ______________.
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are released, and two molecules of ATP form.	What occurs during the citric acid cycle?
glucose	_____is a substrate.
pH of 7.4	The following factors will decrease the function of most enzymes except which one?radiation,50 degrees C,pH of 7.9 or_____
cellular respiration	Energy metabolism is an expression that can be used to mean the same as _____.
hydrolysis	Carbohydrates in the diet are changed into glucose by a process of _____.
citric acid	The following are end products of the Kreb cycle except which one?
are in the Kreb cycle	The following are true of NAD and FAD except which statement?are vitamin derivatives, contain nucleotides, transport hydrogen,_____
carbon dioxide	The presence of _____ is an indication that glucose has been completely oxidized.
triglyceride	The most common form of a lipid that is used or burned for energy is called a _____.
liver	The metabolically most active organ in the body probably is the _____.
uracil	The following are DNA bases except which one?
three bases	A genetic code is a sequence of _____.
codon	A set of nucleotides called the _____ in RNA recognizes the nucleotide genetic codes of DNA.
AUG	What is the anticodon for DNA base sequence ATG?
deamination	The first step in the utilization of amino acids for energy is ________ which occurs in the liver.
transcription	The production of mRNA from a DNA template is termed _____.
tRNA	The base sequence termed the anticodon is found on molecules of _______.
False	Enzymes are catalysts that alter chemical reaction rates by chemically combining with the substrate
enzyme	The bond that is formed between the______and its substrate is actually physical and not chemical in nature; this must be true because the enzyme can be recovered unaltered after the reaction.
False	There are about 20 amino acids that are significant for humans but, only about eight (in adults) must be obtained directly from the diet since the liver is capable of synthesizing and converting other molecules into various amino acids.
amino acids	There are about 20______that are significant for humans but, only about eight (in adults) must be obtained directly from the diet since the liver is capable of synthesizing and converting other molecules into various amino acids.
False	Most of the ATP energy in the metabolism of glucose is derived from the Kreb's cycle
electron transport chain	Most ATP comes from the reduction of oxygen in the______ .
False	An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and five phosphates.
three phosphates	ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The tri- means______ .
none of the above	Which of the following are limitations of DNA polymerase?it can only add bases to the exposed 5' end of a pre-existing strand, it can only replicate the leading strand, it can only replicate the lagging strand
helicase	The enzyme ________ unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule.
the leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously	Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?
True	DNA replication results in two identical daughter molecules each consisting of one old (original) strand and one newly-synthesized strand.
True	The point where separation of the DNA occurs is called the replication fork.
in the cell membrane.	The electron transport chain in bacteria is located...
oxygen.	During aerobic respiration, the last carrier protein transfers a pair of electrons to...
utilize the energy of the proton motive force to convert ADP to ATP.	The function of the enzyme ATP synthase is to...
True	Electrons enter the electron transport chain when NADH transfers them there along with protons in the form of hydrogen.
False	The electron transport chain consists of a series of membrane-bound carriers that shuttle protons and electrons to NADH.
proteins	Enzymes are
substrate	Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P	Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
False	An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.
False	An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
pyruvate	In glycolysis, glucose is converted to
2 NADH and 2 ATP.	The NET result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of
lactic acid.	Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to
False	Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP.
1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.	A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield
2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule.	The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a
True	The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrion.
False	A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle involves four different decarboxylation reactions.
proteins from mRNA	Translation is the synthesis of
the tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site	Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of three nucleotides?
A	Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site.
False	The first amino acid enters through the A site.
False	he codon of tRNA is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA.
promoter region.	The segment of the DNA molecule where messenger RNA synthesis begins is called the...
GACUG	The complimentary messenger RNA strand that would be synthesized from the DNA base sequence of CTGAC would be...
) transcription terminator	The name of the structure that causes the synthesis of RNA to cease is called the...
False	The synthesis of messenger RNA is called translation.
True	Synthesis of a new strand of messenger RNA is in the 5' to 3' direction.
loose connective	The deeper layers of the skin are comprised of _____ tissue cells.
fibroblast	Which of the following cells can divide in the adult?
apocrine	An exocrine gland that loses small parts of its cell body during secretion, as is the case for the mammary gland, is further classified as a(n) ____________ gland.
transmitting nervous impulses	Neuroglial cells help neurons in each of these ways, with the exception of _______________.
connective	Blood is classified as a _____ tissue because it has cells embedded in a matrix.
True	One of the differences between cartilage and bone is that bone is a living tissue with a calcium matrix and a rich vascular supply.
False	The intervertebral disks are comprised mainly of elastic cartilage to allow for pliability.
False	The oviducts are lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells which help propel the egg cells.
simple columnar	The oviducts contain ciliated epithelia, however it is_____ .

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Chapter 4-6 Review

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