Skeletal System - Ch 6
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 5 primary functions of skeletal systems? | Support Storage of Minerals and Lipids Blood Cell Production Protection Leverage |
| How many bones are in Axial Skeleton? | 80 |
| How many bones are in Appendicular Skeleton? | 126 |
| List the 6 types of Bones | Sutural, Irregular, Short, Long, Flat ,Sesamoid bones |
| Example of Sutural bones | Wormian bones, flat, small, found between the flat bones of the skull. |
| Example of Irregular bones | complex shapes, short, flat : vertebrae, bones in pelvis, several skull bone |
| Example of Short bones | small and boxy: carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) |
| Example of Long bones | fairly long and slender: Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Femus, Tibia, Fibula |
| Example of Flat bones | thin, parallel surfaces: ribs, sternum |
| Example of Sesamoid bones | small, flat, shape like sesame seed: patella (only) - knee cap |
| List the structures the long bone? | Epiphysis/Epiphyseal line, Metaphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Endosteum, Medullary Cavity |
| Epiphysis | The proximal or distal end of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | Neck area - narrow zone between epiphysis and diaphysis |
| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline Cartilage at the end of bones |
| Periosteum | Outer layer (fibrous tissue) |
| Endosteum | Bone cells and fibrous tissue (lines the bone marrow) |
| Medullary Cavity | forms a sturdy protective layer that rounds a central space (bone marrow) |
| What is the structure of a flat bone? | two layers of compact bone w/ spongy bone in the middle |
| Bone is composed of? | Protein Fibers + Minerals = Matrix & Cell Population |
| Type of Protein Fibers in bone? | Collagen Fibers |
| Collagen Fibers | forms a lattice-like structure within bone (minerals will be deposited around that structure) |
| What are the two main mineral components? | Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide |
| Calcification | Deposit calcium salts into a tissue |
| Osteoprogenitor Cells | Bone Stem Cells - Mesenchymal Cells, Undergo Cell Division |
| Osteoblasts | Bone building cells, produce/secrete matrix components, osteogenesis, osteoid. |
| Osteogenesis | Creation of bone tissue |
| Osteoid | Immature bone that is unmeniralized |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells, Matrix contains bone cells. |
| Osteoclasts | Secret lysosomal enzymes and acids, large multinucleate cells, osteolysis, resorption. |
| Resorption | Move calcium mineral form BONE to BLOOD |
| Bone Cell Origin | Mesenchymal --> Osteoprogenirator --> Osteoblasts <-- --> Osteocytes |
| Compact Bone made up of what? | Lacunae, Canaliculi, Volkmann's Canal, Lamallae |
| Types of Lamallae | Concentric Lamallea, Interstitial Lamallae, Circumferential Lamallae |
| Concentric Lamallae | Runs around haversian canal, makes up osteons |
| Interstitial Lamallae | Fill in between Osteons |
| Circumferential Lamallae | Just inside Periosteum, Allong inner portion of compact bone. |
| Lacunae | Hole where you find osteocyte |
| Canaliculi | Contain extensions of osteocytes membrane and cytoplams (allow for communication and transport) |
| Volkmann's Canal | Contain blood vessels, run Perpendicullar to longitude axis of bone. |
| Osteoid | Organic Matrix (before calcium salt is added) |
| Trabeculae | Spongy bone forms a meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Found in between the trabeculae of spongy bone, ex: femur, sternum, ilium |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | Found in Adipose Tissue |
| Spongy Bones | Reduces weight of bone, makes it easier for muscle to move |
| Where does Intramembranous (Dermal) Ossification occurs? | Deep layer of the Dermis |
| List the four Intramembranous Ossification. | Ossification Center Develops, Calcification, Formation of Trabeculae, Development of Periosteum. |
| Six steps of Endochondral Ossification. | Step 1: Enlarging chonddrocytes within calcifying matrix ( Hyaline Cartilage Step 2: Bone Formation (thin layers of bone form on outside of diaphysis), Chondroblasts dies Step 3: Primary Ossification Center forms (formation of spongy bone) Step 4: Diaphysis Remodels Step 5: Secondary Ossification form in Epiphysis (cartilage --> spongy bone) Step 6: Articular cartilage form, Epiphyseal Plate - Growth Plate (in Hyaline Cartilage) |
| What are the four growth in Epiphyseal Plate? | Zone of Resting Cartilage, Zone of Proliferating Cartilage, Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage, Zone of Calcified Cartilage. |
| Explain what happens in Zone of Resting Cartilage. | No growth, no cell division, attaches underlying cartilage to epiphysis |
| Expalin what happens in Zone of Proliferating Cartilage. | Cartilage cells dividing, layer gets thicker. |
| Explain what happens in Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage | Cartilage cells enlarge ( does not divided ) |
| Explain what happens in Zone of Calcified Cartilage | Cartilage becomes bone, Increases bone length. |
| What are the Hormonal and Nutritional Requirements? | Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin K, Calcium, Calcitrol, Thyroid hormone and Growth hormone. |
| Vitamin A | Required for Osteoblast activity. |
| Vitamin C | Needed to make Collagen Fibers |
| Vitamin B12 and Vitamin K | Needed to make bone protein (collagen) |
| What does Calcium do for bones? | Mineralized bone |
| Calcitrol | Vitamin D, needed to properly absorb calcium. |
| Thyroid hormone and Growth hormone. | Causes Bone Growth |
| Calcium homeostasis is regulated by 2 hormones. | Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone |
| Calcitonin | Released when blood calcium increases |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Release when calcium decreases |
| Three types of Classification of Bone Fractures | External Appearance, Nature of Break, Location |
| Two types of external appearance. | Simple (close) and Compound (open) Fractures. |
| Simple Fractures | Close, broken bone ends, do not break through skin |
| Compound Fractures | Open, Break through skin |
| Types of Nature Break | Transverse, Commuinuted, Greenstick & Spiral Fractures |
| Tranverse Fracture | Breaks shaft perpendicular to longitude axis.. |
| Comminuted Fracture | Shatters bone |
| Greenstick Fracture | Partial fraction of shaft, broken one side & bent on the other |
| Spiral Fracture | Bone breaks at an angle - twisting force |
| What are the steps of Fracture Repair | Hematoma Formation -to- Hyaline Cartilage callus for -to- Spongy bone forms -to- Remodels to compact bone |
| What are the Location of Break of bones? | Colles Fracture, Pott Fracture, Epiphyseal Fracture |
| How much Calcium Phosphate contains in bone? | 2/3 weight of bone |
| How much Collagen Fibers contains in bone? | 1/3 weight of bone |
| Hydroxyapatite | Hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that form the bone matrix. |
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